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Related Concept Videos

Trihybrid Crosses02:27

Trihybrid Crosses

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Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal...
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Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Seed Structure and Early Development of the Sporophyte02:33

Seed Structure and Early Development of the Sporophyte

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Seed structures are composed of a protective seed coat surrounding a plant embryo, and a food store for the developing embryo. The embryo contains the precursor tissues for leaves, stem, and roots. The endosperm and cotyledons—seed leaves—act as the food reserves for the growing embryo.
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Dihybrid Crosses01:18

Dihybrid Crosses

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Overview
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Formation of Species01:31

Formation of Species

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Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the parent species, and barriers to reproduction will typically exist. There are two primary mechanisms, speciation with and without geographic isolation—allopatric and sympatric speciation, respectively.
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Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are...
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Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans
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Sequential Paleotetraploidization shaped the carrot genome.

Jinpeng Wang1,2,3,4, Jigao Yu1, Yuxian Li1

  • 1Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063200, Hebei, China.

BMC Plant Biology
|February 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Carrot

Keywords:
CarotenoidsCarrotCoffeeGene collinearityGenomic fractionationLettucePolyploidization

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Area of Science:

  • Plant genomics
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Comparative genomics

Background:

  • Carrot (Daucus carota) possesses a high-quality genome.
  • The evolutionary history of carrot's paleo-polyploidization remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reanalyze the carrot genome using a comparative genomics pipeline.
  • To characterize genomic fractionation, gene loss, and retention following polyploidization events.
  • To infer dominant and sensitive subgenomes for each tetraploidization event.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomics pipeline for genome reanalysis.
  • Characterization of genomic fractionation and gene dynamics.
  • Inference of subgenome dominance and sensitivity.

Main Results:

  • Strong evidence for two sequential tetraploidization events (Dc-α: 46-52 Mya; Dc-β: 77-87 Mya), likely allotetraploid.
  • Dc-β event potentially ancestral to Apiales, influencing species divergence.
  • Polyploidy expanded gene families related to methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) for carotenoid synthesis.

Conclusions:

  • Two tetraploidization events significantly shaped the carrot genome.
  • These events likely facilitated the establishment of Apiales and carotenoid pathway evolution.
  • A comparative genomics platform was established for related species.