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Related Concept Videos

Irritable Bowel Syndrome I: Introduction01:17

Irritable Bowel Syndrome I: Introduction

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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is characterized by functional disturbances in the gastrointestinal system, presenting a cluster of symptoms without evident structural or biochemical abnormalities. It primarily affects the large intestine and may cause abdominal pain, bloating, excessive gas, diarrhea, constipation, or both.
IBS is a chronic condition that can persist over a long period or recur frequently.
The pathogenesis of IBS involves a complex interplay of the following factors:
Altered...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Diagnostic Studies and Management I-Nutritional Therapy01:30

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Diagnostic Studies and Management I-Nutritional Therapy

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Various diagnostic tests are employed in the diagnostic process for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), particularly to differentiate between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Diagnostic studies
A colonoscopy is the definitive screening test, distinguishing ulcerative colitis from other colon diseases with similar symptoms. During a colonoscopy test, inflamed mucosa with exudate ulcerations can be observed, and biopsies are taken to determine the histologic characteristics of the...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease IV: Pharmacological Management01:29

Inflammatory Bowel Disease IV: Pharmacological Management

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Upon diagnosis, managing Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) involves addressing several crucial aspects. The primary goals include resting the bowel, correcting malnutrition, and providing symptomatic relief. Resting the bowel may consist of medications to reduce inflammation and promote healing. Correcting malnutrition is essential, often requiring dietary adjustments and nutritional supplements. Symptomatic relief aims to ease pain, diarrhea, and other discomforts in IBD.
Pharmacologic...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis01:27

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Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, encompasses a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation or ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract.
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The exact cause of IBD remains unclear, although it is believed to be due to a mix of genetic, environmental, microbial, and immune factors. Genetic factors are significant in determining susceptibility to IBD, with family history being a critical risk factor. Individuals with a first-degree relative who has IBD are at...
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Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction01:17

Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction

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Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease01:30

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease

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Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, commonly known as IBD, refers to a collection of disorders that lead to persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The two types of IBD are ulcerative colitis, which impacts the colon, and Crohn's disease, which can involve any part of the gastrointestinal segment.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 29, 2025

Injections of Lipopolysaccharide into Mice to Mimic Entrance of Microbial-derived Products After Intestinal Barrier Breach
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Host-microbiota interactions in inflammatory bowel disease.

Roberta Caruso1, Bernard C Lo1, Gabriel Núñez2

  • 1Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, the University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

Nature Reviews. Immunology
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The mammalian intestine hosts symbiotic microbes, requiring immune balance to prevent inflammation against beneficial bacteria while fighting pathogens. Dysfunctional immune strategies in inflammatory bowel disease highlight the need to understand host-microbe interactions for new treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • The mammalian intestine harbors trillions of symbiotic microorganisms co-evolved with the host.
  • Maintaining a balance between tolerating symbionts and responding to pathogens is a key host challenge.
  • The intestinal immune system has evolved complex strategies to manage host-microbe interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the intricate relationship between intestinal microorganisms and the host immune system.
  • To understand the breakdown of immune regulation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
  • To identify potential new avenues for preventing and treating IBD.

Main Methods:

  • This study is a review of current understanding of host-microbe interactions in the gut.
  • Analysis of immune system strategies for separating symbiotic microbes from the epithelium.
  • Examination of immune responses to both resident and invading microorganisms.

Main Results:

  • The immune system must avoid harmful inflammation against symbiotic microbes while remaining capable of fighting pathogens.
  • In IBD, there is a failure in immune strategies that separate symbionts from the epithelium and control microbial invasion.
  • Inappropriate T cell responses to resident microbes occur in IBD.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding host-microbe interactions is crucial for elucidating IBD pathogenesis.
  • Insights into these complex interactions may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for IBD.
  • Further research into gut symbionts and immune responses is needed for IBD prevention and treatment.