Related Experiment Video
Updated: Dec 29, 2025
09:47
Anesthesia and Intubation of Preadolescent Mouse Pups for Cardiothoracic Surgery
Published on: June 2, 2022
2.7K
Anesthesia for Major Surgery in the Neonate
Calvin C Kuan1, Susanna J Shaw1
1Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, H3582, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Anesthesiology Clinics
|February 4, 2020
Summary
Neonatal surgery carries high risks, especially for premature infants or those with heart conditions. Current anesthesia practices lack consensus, and regional anesthesia doesn't eliminate postoperative apnea risks in these vulnerable patients.
Area of Science:
- Neonatal physiology
- Anesthesiology
- Pediatric surgery
Background:
- Neonates face higher perioperative morbidity and mortality risks than older patients.
- Premature neonates, those with severe congenital heart disease, or pulmonary hypertension are at elevated risk.
- There is no established consensus on the safest anesthetic regimen for neonates.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the current understanding of neonatal perioperative risks.
- To discuss anesthetic considerations for neonates undergoing major surgery.
- To highlight the need for specialized knowledge and vigilance in neonatal anesthesia.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of neonatal anesthesia and perioperative outcomes.
- Analysis of risk factors associated with neonatal surgery.
- Discussion of current anesthetic practices and their limitations.
Main Results:
- Regional anesthesia is considered relatively safe but does not mitigate the risk of postoperative apnea.
- Former preterm infants require specific postoperative observation for apnea.
- Anesthesiologists must possess deep knowledge of neonatal physiology for major surgical cases.
Conclusions:
- No definitive consensus exists for the safest neonatal anesthetic regimen.
- Vigilance and specialized knowledge are crucial for anesthesiologists managing neonates.
- Further research is needed to optimize anesthetic strategies and reduce neonatal surgical risks.
Keywords:
Neonatal anesthesiaNeonatal surgeryNeonatePediatric anesthesiaPediatric surgeryPreterm infantMore Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
01:24General Anesthesia: Overview
510
Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
510
01:24Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview
515
Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
515
01:29Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia
643
Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
643
01:11Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia
1.2K
Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
1.2K
01:20Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview
887
Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
887
01:22Stages of General Anesthesia
1.3K
Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
1.3K