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Induction of an Isoelectric Brain State to Investigate the Impact of Endogenous Synaptic Activity on Neuronal Excitability In Vivo
Published on: March 31, 2016
The Neurobiology of Mixed States
Alessio Simonetti1, Marijn Lijffijt2, Alan C Swann2
1Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, 1977 Butler Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Centro Lucio Bini, Rome, Italy.
Abstract:
Interest in the coexistence of manic and depressive symptoms fostered hypotheses on neurobiological underpinnings of mixed states. Neurobiological properties of mixed states, however, have not been comprehensively described. The authors searched databases for articles on neurobiological markers related to mixed states. Results showed that mixed states are characterized by elevated central and peripheral monoamine levels, greater alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, increased inflammation, and greater circadian rhythms dysfunction than nonmixed forms. Furthermore, the magnitude of pathophysiologic alterations in mixed states exceeds those associated with nonmixed mania or depression and suggest that hyperactivation and hyperarousal are core features of mixed states.
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