Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Origin - What do we know?

Area of Science:

• Nephrology
• Environmental Health
• Public Health

Background:

• Chronic kidney disease (CKD) presents a significant global health burden, with a notable increase over the past two decades.
• Chronic kidney disease of unknown origin (CKDu) is increasingly reported in rural agricultural communities worldwide.
• CKDu is characterized as a phenotypic, environmentally acquired disease influenced by a complex interplay of occupational and social determinants.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the current understanding of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Origin (CKDu).
• To identify key risk factors and challenges associated with CKDu.
• To highlight the need for improved health promotion, early screening, and further research.

Main Methods:

• Literature review and synthesis of existing epidemiological data on CKDu.
• Analysis of reported associations between CKDu and various exposure factors.
• Identification of challenges in global definition and management of CKDu.

Main Results:

• CKDu predominantly affects middle-aged men in agricultural settings.
• Identified risk factors include snake bites, infections, agrochemical exposure, heavy metals, herbal drugs, heat stress, and dietary factors.
• A lack of a universally accepted definition hinders global efforts to address CKDu.

Conclusions:

• CKDu is a multifactorial disease requiring a comprehensive approach.
• Urgent need for community-level health promotion, early risk factor screening, and timely management.
• Strengthening health service networks and further etiological research are crucial for prevention and treatment.