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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss01:57

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Though evaporation from plant leaves drives transpiration, it also results in loss of water. Because water is critical for photosynthetic reactions and other cellular processes, evolutionary pressures on plants in different environments have driven the acquisition of adaptations that reduce water loss.
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Responses to Drought and Flooding02:41

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Water plays a significant role in the life cycle of plants. However, insufficient or excess of water can be detrimental and pose a serious threat to plants.
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Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 29, 2025

A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff
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Rainfall manipulation experiments as simulated by terrestrial biosphere models: Where do we stand?

Athanasios Paschalis1, Simone Fatichi2, Jakob Zscheischler3,4

  • 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.

Global Change Biology
|February 4, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Terrestrial biosphere models struggle to accurately predict vegetation productivity changes due to altered rainfall patterns. Models overestimate responses and have low capacity reproducing observed sensitivities, especially for rainfall addition experiments.

Keywords:
droughtirrigationrainfall manipulation experimentterrestrial biosphere models

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Climate Science
  • Earth System Science

Background:

  • Global rainfall patterns are changing, impacting ecosystems and societal functions.
  • Accurate modeling of vegetation responses to rainfall is vital for projecting future water and carbon cycles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the ability of 10 terrestrial biosphere models to reproduce observed ecosystem productivity sensitivities to rainfall changes.
  • To evaluate model performance across diverse global sites with rainfall manipulation experiments.

Main Methods:

  • A model-data intercomparison project involving 10 terrestrial biosphere models.
  • Testing model performance against observed data from 10 global sites, including rainfall exclusion and irrigation experiments.

Main Results:

  • Significant inter-model variation exists, with agreement varying by timescale and site water limitation.
  • Models generally overestimate the relationship between productivity and mean rainfall and poorly reproduce temporal sensitivities.
  • Models captured the direction but not the magnitude of productivity changes in experiments, performing better for rainfall exclusion than addition.

Conclusions:

  • Current terrestrial biosphere models have limitations in accurately simulating vegetation productivity responses to rainfall variability.
  • Further model development is needed to improve projections of ecosystem function under changing climate conditions.
  • Model agreement is higher for water and carbon fluxes on finer timescales at mesic sites.