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Related Concept Videos

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Cell Signaling in Plants

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Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...
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Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
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Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
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Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 29, 2025

Monitoring Activation of the Antiviral Pattern Recognition Receptors RIG-I And PKR By Limited Protease Digestion and Native PAGE
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Avian Pattern Recognition Receptor Sensing and Signaling.

Sabari Nath Neerukonda1,2, Upendra Katneni1,2

  • 1Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.

Veterinary Sciences
|February 5, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Avian pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are crucial for immune defense against microbes. This review explores avian PRR functions using comparative genomics, identifying potential new targets for study.

Keywords:
innate immunitypathogen sensingpattern recognition receptorssignaling

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Comparative Genomics
  • Avian Biology

Background:

  • Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are key immune sensors detecting microbial patterns, vital for homeostasis and defense.
  • Understanding PRRs and their ligands advances immunology and disease resistance, enabling vaccine adjuvant design.
  • PRRs are conserved across animals, facilitating comparative genomics for studying their evolution and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review PRR sensing and signaling functions in avian species (chicken, mallard, goose).
  • To apply comparative biology to identify avian PRRs needing functional characterization.
  • To highlight recent advances in avian PRR research.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of avian PRR functions.
  • Comparative genomics approach across species.
  • Analysis of PRR evolution, structure, and function.

Main Results:

  • Summarized current knowledge on avian PRR functions.
  • Identified conserved PRRs with known mammalian functions but uncharacterized in avian species.
  • Highlighted the utility of comparative genomics in avian immunology.

Conclusions:

  • Avian PRRs are essential for innate immunity and disease resistance.
  • Comparative genomics is a powerful tool for discovering and characterizing avian PRRs.
  • Further functional studies of identified PRRs are needed in avian species.