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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 29, 2025

A Simple and Efficient Method for Testing Immunomodulatory Agents for Generation of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells from Human CD14+ Monocytes
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A Simple and Efficient Method for Testing Immunomodulatory Agents for Generation of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells from Human CD14+ Monocytes

Published on: April 11, 2025

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Natural and Induced Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells.

Courtney A Iberg1, Daniel Hawiger2

  • 1Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104.

Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
|February 5, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Dendritic cells (DCs) are key immune cells. This review explores natural and induced tolerogenic DCs, highlighting their roles in maintaining tolerance and regulating immune responses for potential disease treatments.

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Last Updated: Dec 29, 2025

A Simple and Efficient Method for Testing Immunomodulatory Agents for Generation of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells from Human CD14+ Monocytes
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Development and Functional Characterization of Murine Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells
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Generation of Immature, Mature and Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells with Differing Metabolic Phenotypes
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Generation of Immature, Mature and Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells with Differing Metabolic Phenotypes

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells (APCs) susceptible to external signals.
  • While maturation often promotes immune responses, certain signals induce tolerogenic functions in DCs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms and functions of natural and induced tolerogenic DCs.
  • To explore how manipulating these DCs could lead to precise treatments for immune-mediated diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific articles on dendritic cell function and immunomodulation.
  • Analysis of mechanisms underlying natural and induced tolerogenesis in DCs.

Main Results:

  • Two types of tolerogenic DCs exist: 'natural' with inherent properties and 'induced' by specific conditions.
  • Both types play critical roles in promoting peripheral tolerance and regulating immune responses.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding tolerogenic DCs offers insights into immune regulation.
  • Targeting these DCs presents a promising avenue for treating autoimmune and other immune-mediated conditions.