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Cardiac catheterization is an invasive diagnostic technique used to identify and evaluate structural and functional diseases of the heart and major blood vessels. This technique diagnoses congenital heart disease, coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, and coronary spasms and assesses ventricular function. It helps guide treatment decisions, including the need for revascularization procedures like percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and...
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Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
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Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 29, 2025

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Air embolism during percutaneous nephrolithotomy using air pyelogram during initial access: Does it really occur?

Anshul Garg1, Mohd Mubashir Ali Khan1, Praveen Singh1

  • 1Department of Urology, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Urology Annals
|February 5, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Using air to visualize the pelvicalyceal system (PCS) during percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is safe. This study found no air embolism complications in 164 patients, making air a viable alternative to contrast dye.

Keywords:
Air embolismair pyelogrampercutaneous nephrolithotomy

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Minimally Invasive Surgery

Background:

  • Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is standard for large renal stones (>2 cm).
  • Opacifying the pelvicalyceal system (PCS) is crucial before tract dilation.
  • Iodinated contrast and air are used, with rare reports of air embolism with air pyelogram.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the safety and efficacy of using air for PCS opacification during PCNL.
  • To assess the incidence of air embolism when using air for initial tract access.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective observational study.
  • 164 patients undergoing PCNL.
  • Air used to opacify PCS via ureteric catheter for initial access.

Main Results:

  • No patients experienced complications attributable to air embolism.
  • Zero incidence of air embolism during or after the procedure.

Conclusions:

  • Air is a safe and acceptable alternative to iodinated contrast for PCS opacification in PCNL.
  • The study supports the use of air for initial puncture access in PCNL procedures.