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Related Concept Videos

Asthma-I: Introduction01:29

Asthma-I: Introduction

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Asthma is a chronic respiratory ailment that requires careful management due to its varying symptoms and influencing factors. It is characterized by airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow obstruction, leading to symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The symptom frequency and intensity may vary considerably over time. It is also linked to immune system responses to allergens and irritants, highlighting the complex...
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Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification01:26

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Asthma is a prevalent chronic respiratory condition marked by inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of the airways. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among inflammatory pathways, immune responses, and neural mechanisms.
Additionally, environmental and genetic factors play crucial roles in determining an individual's susceptibility to asthma and the severity of their condition.
Critical processes in asthma pathophysiology include:
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Common Respiratory Disorders01:31

Common Respiratory Disorders

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Respiratory disorders, a prevalent health concern globally, are generally divided into two primary categories: upper and lower respiratory tract disorders. The categorization is based on the area of the respiratory system they affect.
Upper respiratory disorders impact the airways above the vocal cords, encompassing areas like the nose, sinuses, and throat. Various conditions fall under this category, including the common cold and allergic rhinitis. These disorders can stem from several causes,...
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Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

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In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
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Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management01:20

Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management

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Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition involving inflammation of the airways, hyper-reactivity, and reversible obstruction of the airways. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making breathing difficult and leading to distressing symptoms.
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Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

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Overview
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 29, 2025

An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection
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Recurrent respiratory infections between immunity and atopy.

Caterina Cuppari1, Laura Colavita1, Michele Miraglia Del Giudice2

  • 1Unit of Pediatric Emergency, Department of Adult and Childhood Human Pathology, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy.

Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
|February 5, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Recurrent respiratory infections (RRIs) in children can stem from temporary immune system immaturity or complex underlying conditions. This study offers a diagnostic roadmap for pediatricians to differentiate causes of pediatric RRIs.

Keywords:
immunityrecurrent respiratory infections (RRIs)

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Pulmonology
  • Clinical Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Recurrent respiratory infections (RRIs) are common in children, often linked to factors like small airway size or immune system immaturity.
  • While many RRIs resolve spontaneously, some indicate serious underlying diseases requiring prompt diagnosis.
  • Identifying 'red flags' such as early symptom onset or growth issues is crucial for differential diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide pediatricians with a structured approach for diagnosing the causes of recurrent respiratory infections in children.
  • To create a diagnostic roadmap based on scientific literature and clinical practice.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and clinical practice data synthesis.
  • Development of a diagnostic roadmap categorizing RRIs into six main areas.
  • Identification of key differentiating factors and 'red flags'.

Main Results:

  • The roadmap categorizes potential causes of RRIs into six macro areas: immunodeficiencies, simple minimal genetic immunodeficiency, atopy, obesity, nutritional deficiencies, and autoinflammatory/complex diseases.
  • It highlights specific red flags that suggest more complex underlying conditions beyond transient immune immaturity.

Conclusions:

  • A systematic diagnostic roadmap can significantly aid pediatricians in differentiating the causes of recurrent respiratory infections in children.
  • Early and accurate diagnosis is essential for managing RRIs effectively, distinguishing between transient issues and more complex diseases.