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Green Extraction Methods for Active Compounds from Food Waste-Cocoa Bean Shell.

Nika Pavlović1, Stela Jokić2, Martina Jakovljević2

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Summary

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) offer a green chemistry approach for extracting bioactive compounds from cocoa bean shells (CBS). Combining DES with microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) significantly enhances yields of theobromine and caffeine from CBS.

Keywords:
active compoundscocoa bean shelldeep eutectic solventsmicrowave-assisted extractionwaste

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Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Biotechnology
  • Food Science

Background:

  • Cocoa bean shell (CBS) is a rich source of bioactive compounds.
  • Traditional extraction methods often lack efficiency and sustainability.
  • Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) present a promising alternative for sustainable extraction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the efficacy of DESs for extracting bioactive compounds from CBS.
  • To compare DES extraction with DES combined with microwave-assisted extraction (MAE).
  • To evaluate the impact of water content, time, and temperature on extraction efficiency and antioxidant activity.

Main Methods:

  • Screening of 16 choline chloride-based DESs to identify optimal solvent systems.
  • Extraction of bioactive compounds using selected DES and DES/MAE.
  • Quantification of theobromine and caffeine yields.
  • Determination of antioxidant activity using the DPPH method.

Main Results:

  • Choline chloride:oxalic acid DES demonstrated superior extraction performance.
  • DES/MAE yielded higher concentrations of theobromine (2.502–5.004 mg/g) and caffeine (0.778–1.599 mg/g) compared to DES alone.
  • Water content significantly influenced extraction yields, while time and temperature had minimal impact on compound extraction but affected antioxidant activity.

Conclusions:

  • DES and DES/MAE are effective and potentially sustainable methods for extracting bioactive compounds from CBS.
  • Optimized DES formulations and microwave assistance can maximize the recovery of valuable compounds.
  • This research supports the advancement of green chemistry principles in the valorization of agro-industrial byproducts like CBS.