Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Optimal Foraging00:48

Optimal Foraging

13.3K
How animals obtain and eat their food is called foraging behavior. Foraging can include searching for plants and hunting for prey and depends on the species and environment.
13.3K
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

928
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
928
Fixed Action Patterns01:06

Fixed Action Patterns

17.3K
A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a specific, hard-wired sequence of behaviors that occurs in response to an external stimulus, called a sign stimulus. The behavior is “fixed” because it is essentially unchangeable—proceeding similarly across individuals of a species every time it occurs.
17.3K
Instinctive Drift01:05

Instinctive Drift

573
Instinctive drift refers to the tendency of animals to revert to their innate behaviors despite repeated reinforcement. Breland and Breland demonstrated this concept in an experiment with a raccoon. The raccoon was trained to pick up two coins and place them in a container in exchange for food. Initially, the raccoon learned to associate the coins with food, making them a conditioned stimulus or a substitute for food. However, over time, the raccoon became less willing to put the coins into the...
573
Cognition and Behavior01:23

Cognition and Behavior

258
Social psychology examines the complex interplay between individual mental processes and social interactions. Historically, the field was divided into two domains: social behavior and social cognition. Researchers focusing on social behavior analyzed actions within social contexts, such as conformity, aggression, or cooperation. Meanwhile, social cognition researchers investigated how people perceive, interpret, and mentally represent their social environments. However, modern perspectives no...
258
Cognitivism01:17

Cognitivism

2.6K
Cognitive psychology emerged as a significant field in the mid-20th century. It focused on understanding humans' internal mental processes. This approach emphasizes how people perceive, remember, think, and solve problems—elements critical to human cognition.
Previously dominated by behaviorism, which prioritized observable behaviors and largely ignored mental processes, psychology transformed in the 1950s. Cognitive psychologists argue that understanding how we think and process...
2.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Time in mind: a multidisciplinary review on temporal perception, cognition, and memory.

Frontiers in cognition·2026
Same author

EE2 and the Fish Brain: Age-Dependent Impact of 17α-Ethinylestradiol on Brain Cell Proliferation and Behavior in Sea Bass Larvae.

Environmental toxicology·2026
Same author

Sentience in cephalopod molluscs: an updated assessment.

Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society·2026
Same author

On bodies, brains, and behaviour (and a little bit of magic).

The Behavioral and brain sciences·2025
Same author

A large-scale study across the avian clade identifies ecological drivers of neophobia.

PLoS biology·2025
Same author

Can an old rook learn new tricks? Vocal command comprehension and obedience in rooks (Corvus frugilegus).

Animal cognition·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 29, 2025

Behavioral Tracking and Neuromast Imaging of Mexican Cavefish
14:58

Behavioral Tracking and Neuromast Imaging of Mexican Cavefish

Published on: April 6, 2019

8.2K

Cuttlefish show flexible and future-dependent foraging cognition.

Pauline Billard1,2,3, Alexandra K Schnell3, Nicola S Clayton3

  • 1Normandie Univ, Unicaen, CNRS, EthoS, 14000 Caen, France.

Biology Letters
|February 6, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cuttlefish demonstrate flexible foraging, adapting their feeding strategies based on prey availability. They switch between selective and opportunistic behaviors, showing future-dependent decision-making for optimal resource use.

Keywords:
cephalopodsflexibilityforaging cognitionfuture-dependent behaviour

More Related Videos

Using Pharmacological Manipulation and High-precision Radio Telemetry to Study the Spatial Cognition in Free-ranging Animals
08:28

Using Pharmacological Manipulation and High-precision Radio Telemetry to Study the Spatial Cognition in Free-ranging Animals

Published on: November 6, 2016

7.0K
The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice
09:15

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Published on: February 4, 2015

28.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 29, 2025

Behavioral Tracking and Neuromast Imaging of Mexican Cavefish
14:58

Behavioral Tracking and Neuromast Imaging of Mexican Cavefish

Published on: April 6, 2019

8.2K
Using Pharmacological Manipulation and High-precision Radio Telemetry to Study the Spatial Cognition in Free-ranging Animals
08:28

Using Pharmacological Manipulation and High-precision Radio Telemetry to Study the Spatial Cognition in Free-ranging Animals

Published on: November 6, 2016

7.0K
The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice
09:15

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Published on: February 4, 2015

28.3K

Area of Science:

  • Animal Behavior
  • Marine Biology
  • Cognitive Ecology

Background:

  • Animals often adjust foraging based on learned food availability.
  • Cuttlefish are known for complex behaviors and cognitive abilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if cuttlefish flexibly adapt foraging behavior to prey availability.
  • To determine if cuttlefish exhibit selective, opportunistic, or future-dependent foraging strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Experiment 1: Manipulated predictable vs. unpredictable preferred prey (shrimp) availability at night and observed daytime foraging (crabs).
  • Experiment 2: Assessed day-to-day flexibility based on alternating preferred prey availability.
  • Observed changes in prey consumption patterns under different conditions.

Main Results:

  • Cuttlefish shifted foraging strategies (selective/opportunistic) based on prey predictability.
  • Daytime crab consumption decreased when shrimp were predictably available at night.
  • Foraging behavior showed flexibility dependent on future prey availability, not just current conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Cuttlefish exhibit dynamic and flexible foraging, adopting context-dependent strategies.
  • Their feeding behavior is adaptable to changing prey quantity and predictability.
  • Cuttlefish demonstrate sophisticated decision-making in foraging, incorporating future expectations.