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Cranial Bones: Lateral View

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
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Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 29, 2025

Coronoid-Temporalis Pedicled Flap for Orbital Floor Defect Reconstruction

Coronoid-Temporalis Pedicled Flap for Orbital Floor Defect Reconstruction

Published on: December 5, 2025

Lateral Hooding of the Brow Revisited: Reverse Brow Lifting Versus the ROOF Lift.

A Sanchez Balado¹, H P Stevens^2,3

¹Universitary Hospital of Alicante, Alicante, Spain. adrian.sanchez.balado@gmail.com.

Aesthetic Plastic Surgery

|February 6, 2020

Summary

This comment clarifies nomenclature for brow correction, distinguishing Retro-orbicularis Oculi Fat (ROOF) lifts from browpexies. Procedures are tailored to specific anatomical needs for optimal results.

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Last Updated: Dec 29, 2025

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Surgical Correction for Pediatric Epiblepharon and Trichiasis

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Published on: July 8, 2025

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Plastic Surgery
Anatomy

Background:

The article "Anatomical Study and Clinical Observation of Retro-orbicularis Oculi Fat (ROOF)" prompts a discussion on brow correction nomenclature.
Lateral brow hooding correction requires precise terminology for effective treatment.

Discussion:

Retro-orbicularis Oculi Fat (ROOF) lifts and browpexies (reverse or transblepharoplasty) represent distinct techniques with different underlying concepts.
These procedures address different anatomical issues contributing to brow ptosis.

Key Insights:

ROOF lifts focus on the retro-orbicularis fat pad, while browpexies address the brow's position and fixation.
Understanding the distinct concepts behind each procedure is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.

Outlook:

Independent or combined application of ROOF lifts and browpexies should be dictated by individual patient anatomy.
Standardized nomenclature will improve communication and consistency in surgical outcomes for lateral brow hooding.