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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
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Precipitation Processes01:12

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss01:57

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Though evaporation from plant leaves drives transpiration, it also results in loss of water. Because water is critical for photosynthetic reactions and other cellular processes, evolutionary pressures on plants in different environments have driven the acquisition of adaptations that reduce water loss.
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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Measurement of Fluid Pressure01:16

Measurement of Fluid Pressure

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Fluid pressure is commonly measured using devices called manometers, which rely on liquid columns to indicate pressure differences. The height of a liquid column in a manometer reflects the pressure exerted by the fluid, providing a simple yet effective means of measurement. Different types of manometers serve specific purposes based on their configurations and the type of fluids involved.
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Body Water Content and Fluid Compartments01:19

Body Water Content and Fluid Compartments

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Life's biochemical processes occur within aqueous solutions. Solutes are substances that are dissolved within these solutions. The human body contains a variety of solutes, which can differ across various body parts. These can encompass proteins—such as those responsible for clotting and carbohydrate transport—as well as electrolytes. In medicine, an electrolyte is often described as a mineral ion derived from a salt possessing an electric charge. Examples include sodium ions...
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The Multi-Sensor Advanced Climatology of Liquid Water Path (MAC-LWP).

Gregory S Elsaesser1, Christopher W O'Dell2, Matthew D Lebsock3

  • 1Department of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Columbia University and NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA.

Journal of Climate
|February 6, 2020
PubMed
Summary

The updated Multi-Sensor Advanced Climatology of Liquid Water Path (MAC-LWP) offers 29 years of oceanic cloud liquid water path (CLWP) data. Enhancements include bias correction and a total liquid water path (TLWP) record for improved climate analysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Science
  • Climate Science
  • Remote Sensing

Background:

  • Cloud liquid water path (CLWP) is a crucial variable for understanding Earth's radiative balance and climate.
  • Existing climatologies, like the University of Wisconsin (UWisc) CLWP, have limitations in record length and potential biases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present an updated and enhanced climatology of oceanic CLWP, extending the record and improving data quality.
  • To introduce a total liquid water path (TLWP) record for improved analysis in precipitating cloud regions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 29 years (1988-2016) of inter-calibrated satellite retrievals from multiple microwave sensors.
  • Corrected for satellite overpass time drift by solving for monthly CLWP and diurnal cycle simultaneously.
  • Incorporated version 7 RSS retrievals, bias correction using MODIS matchups, and developed a TLWP record.

Main Results:

  • The Multi-Sensor Advanced Climatology of Liquid Water Path (MAC-LWP) provides a 29-year monthly gridded oceanic CLWP dataset.
  • Systematic differences between MAC-LWP and UWisc CLWP range from -15% to +10% in high-confidence regions.
  • A TLWP field is provided for quality control, with decreasing confidence as the CLWP:TLWP ratio falls.

Conclusions:

  • The MAC-LWP dataset offers a more robust and extended record of oceanic CLWP compared to previous climatologies.
  • The inclusion of TLWP enhances the usability of the dataset for studying precipitating clouds.
  • The dataset is publicly available via the Goddard Earth Science Data and Information Services Center.