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Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment

Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment

Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.
Irreversible agents form a strong bond with the cholinesterase enzyme, making it inactive. The breakdown of the phosphorylated enzyme is...

Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison

Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison

In cases of acute poisoning, the primary objective is to prevent further absorption of the toxic substance into the body. Immediate interventions using various decontamination techniques targeting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can achieve this. Decontamination is crucial to prevent poison from entering the systemic circulation, which involves washing affected areas with water and mild soap and removing contaminated clothing. Once external decontamination is done, attention must be turned to...

Antidotes

Antidotes

Antidotes are medicinal substances used to counteract the harmful effects of toxins or drugs in the body. They function in various ways, each uniquely designed to combat specific toxic compounds.
Specific antidotes operate by inhibiting the enzymes that control biochemical pathways, reducing the production of harmful metabolites.
An example of an antidote is atropine, which counteracts the detrimental effects of cholinesterase inhibitors. It achieves this by deactivating muscarinic receptors,...

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants

Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating...

Enhanced Elimination of Poison

Enhanced Elimination of Poison

Poison can be effectively removed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract through various decontamination procedures.
Antidotes serve a crucial role in counteracting the effects of poison by inhibiting enzymes responsible for producing harmful drug metabolites. In some cases, these toxic metabolites can be neutralized by endogenous cosubstrates, which are maintained at specific concentrations to prevent interaction with cellular macromolecules and subsequent cell death.
Renal excretion is the...

Toxic Reactions: Overview

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 29, 2025

Determination of the Absorption, Translocation, and Distribution of Imidacloprid in Wheat

Determination of the Absorption, Translocation, and Distribution of Imidacloprid in Wheat

Published on: April 28, 2023

Neonicotinoid Poisoning and Management.

Velmurugan Selvam¹, Shrikanth Srinivasan¹

¹Department of Critical Care, Manipal Hospitals, Dwarka, New Delhi, India.

Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine : Peer-Reviewed, Official Publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine

|February 6, 2020

Summary

Neonicotinoid insecticides offer a better safety profile than older pesticides. While poisoning is rare (<3%), treatment remains symptomatic and supportive, as no specific antidote exists.

Keywords:

Acute poisoning Insecticide Neonicotinoid

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Last Updated: Dec 29, 2025

Determination of the Absorption, Translocation, and Distribution of Imidacloprid in Wheat

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Published on: April 28, 2023

Assessing Agrochemical Risk to Mated Honey Bee Queens

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Published on: March 3, 2021

Evaluating the Effect of Pesticides on the Larvae of the Solitary Bees

Evaluating the Effect of Pesticides on the Larvae of the Solitary Bees

Published on: October 15, 2021

Area of Science:

Agricultural Science
Toxicology
Environmental Science

Background:

Neonicotinoids are a modern class of insecticides targeting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
Their use is increasing due to a perceived better safety profile compared to organophosphates, organochlorides, carbamates, and pyrethroids.
This improved profile stems from greater insect selectivity and reduced blood-brain barrier penetration in mammals.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the characteristics of neonicotinoid poisoning.
To outline current management strategies for neonicotinoid poisoning.

Main Methods:

Literature review of neonicotinoid insecticides and poisoning cases.
Analysis of toxicological profiles and clinical presentations.
Summary of treatment protocols for pesticide poisoning.

Main Results:

Neonicotinoid poisoning presents with symptoms like dizziness, hypertension, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, and skin/mucosal irritation.
Mortality rates from neonicotinoid poisoning are low, less than 3%.
No specific antidote for neonicotinoid poisoning is currently available.

Conclusions:

Neonicotinoids represent a significant class of insecticides with a relatively favorable safety profile.
Management of neonicotinoid poisoning relies on symptomatic and supportive care.
Further research may be needed to develop targeted antidotes.