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Dynamic single-molecule counting for the quantification and optimization of nanoparticle functionalization protocols.

Matěj Horáček1, Dion J Engels2, Peter Zijlstra1

  • 1Faculty of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. m.horacek@tue.nl and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. p.zijlstra@tue.nl.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a single-molecule counting method to precisely quantify nanoparticle functionalization. This technique reveals hidden surface heterogeneity and aids in optimizing nanoparticle applications like drug delivery and biosensors.

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Area of Science:

  • Colloidal science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Surface chemistry

Background:

  • Colloidal particle functionalization is crucial for applications like biosensors and drug delivery.
  • Current methods yield heterogeneous particle surfaces with unknown ligand densities, hindering optimization.
  • Lack of precise surface characterization limits the development of controlled colloidal interfaces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a quantitative method for assessing nanoparticle surface functionalization at the single-molecule level.
  • To investigate the heterogeneity of ligand distribution on nanoparticle surfaces.
  • To provide a tool for optimizing functionalization protocols for colloidal particles.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized quantitative single-molecule interaction kinetics to count ligands on individual nanoparticles simultaneously.
  • Analyzed the waiting-time between single-molecule binding events to determine ligand density.
  • Investigated time-dependent ligand reorganization on nanoparticle surfaces.

Main Results:

  • Accurately quantified particle functionalization across a wide range of ligand densities.
  • Observed significant particle-to-particle variations in functionalization, influenced by particle size and ligand density.
  • Discovered that ligand reorganization over time reduces surface heterogeneity, a phenomenon previously masked by ensemble averaging.

Conclusions:

  • Single-molecule counting offers precise quantification of nanoparticle functionalization.
  • The method reveals previously hidden surface heterogeneity and its dependence on particle characteristics.
  • This approach enables direct optimization of coupling protocols for molecularly controlled colloidal interfaces.