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The action potential is a complex electrical event that occurs in excitable cells, such as neurons and muscle cells. It consists of several distinct phases, each with specific characteristics.
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Neural shutdown under stress: an evolutionary perspective on spreading depolarization.

R Meldrum Robertson1, Ken D Dawson-Scully2, R David Andrew3

  • 1Department of Biology and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

Journal of Neurophysiology
|February 6, 2020
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Summary

Spreading depolarization (SD) shuts down neural function by collapsing ion gradients. Its presence in diverse animals suggests an emergent property linked to complex behaviors and survival advantages, aiding neuropathology research.

Keywords:
central nervous systemcomparative physiologyion homeostasisspreading depolarization

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Comparative Physiology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Neural function relies on cellular membrane potentials for electrical signaling.
  • Spreading depolarization (SD) can reversibly depolarize neuronal and glial membranes to zero, disrupting neural function by collapsing ion gradients.
  • SD is not universally observed across all metazoan taxa with centralized nervous systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the occurrence and similarities of spreading depolarization (SD) across diverse animal taxa.
  • To propose that SD is an emergent property of nervous systems evolved for complex behaviors and rapid information processing.
  • To explore the potential benefits and mechanistic underpinnings of SD in different species.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of SD occurrence and characteristics in various animal groups.
  • Examination of the relationship between SD and nervous system complexity, behavioral demands, and environmental factors.
  • Literature review and synthesis of existing data on SD mechanisms and implications.

Main Results:

  • SD exhibits remarkable similarities across diverse taxa, including mammals and insects.
  • The presence of SD is hypothesized to be an emergent property linked to nervous systems controlling complex behaviors and requiring efficient energy use.
  • In insects, SD is associated with responses to harsh environments, potentially offering an energetic advantage for survival.

Conclusions:

  • The conserved nature of SD across species supports a model systems approach for understanding human neuropathologies.
  • SD's role in mammals remains an open question, but its potential benefits in insects highlight adaptive significance.
  • Understanding SD in diverse taxa can illuminate mechanisms underlying conditions like migraine, stroke, and traumatic brain injury.