High-Specificity Digital Architecture for Real-Time Recognition of Loss of Balance Inducing Fall

Falls are a significant cause of loss of independence, disability and reduced quality of life in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). Intervening quickly and accurately on the postural instability could strongly reduce the consequences of falls. In this context, the paper proposes and validates a novel architecture for the reliable recognition of losses of balance situations. The proposed system addresses some challenges related to the daily life applicability of near-fall recognition systems: the high specificity and system robustness against the Activities of Daily Life (ADL). In this respect, the proposed algorithm has been tested on five different tasks: walking steps, sudden curves, chair transfers via the timed up and go (TUG) test, balance-challenging obstacle avoidance and slip-induced loss of balance. The system analyzes data from wireless acquisition devices that capture electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) signals. The collected data are sent to two main units: the muscular unit and the cortical one. The first realizes a binary ON/OFF pattern from muscular activity (10 EMGs) and triggers the cortical unit. This latter unit evaluates the rate of variation in the EEG power spectrum density (PSD), considering five bands of interest. The neuromuscular features are then sent to a logical network for the final classification, which distinguishes among falls and ADL. In this preliminary study, we tested the proposed model on 9 healthy subjects (aged 26.3 ± 2.4 years), even if the study on PD patients is under investigation. Experimental validation on healthy subjects showed that the system reacts in 370.62 ± 60.85 ms with a sensitivity of 93.33 ± 5.16%. During the ADL tests the system showed a specificity of 98.91 ± 0.44% in steady walking steps recognition, 99.61 ± 0.66% in sudden curves detection, 98.95 ± 1.27% in contractions related to TUG tests and 98.42 ± 0.90% in the obstacle avoidance protocol.