Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

19.3K
Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
19.3K
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

16.4K
A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
16.4K
Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

18.2K
The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
18.2K
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

11.7K
Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
11.7K
Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

5.5K
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...
5.5K
The Pineal Gland01:02

The Pineal Gland

4.2K
The pineal gland, a diminutive endocrine structure named for its pinecone-shaped appearance, is situated atop the third ventricle within the diencephalon region of the forebrain. This gland, composed of secretory cells known as pinealocytes arranged in compact cords and clusters around dense particles of calcium salts, plays a pivotal role in hormonal regulation.
The primary secretion of the pineal gland is the hormone melatonin, derived from serotonin. The concentration of melatonin in the...
4.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Structure-Based Development of (1-(3'-Mercaptopropanamido)methyl)boronic Acid Derived Broad-Spectrum, Dual-Action Inhibitors of Metallo- and Serine-β-lactamases.

Journal of medicinal chemistry·2019
Same author

Reduced oxidative stress increases acute cold stress tolerance in zebrafish.

Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology·2019
Same author

A novel polydopamine electrochemiluminescence organic nanoparticle-based biosensor for parathyroid hormone detection.

Talanta·2019
Same author

An Investigation into Picosecond Laser Micro-Trepanning of Alumina Ceramics Employing a Semi-Water-Immersed Scheme.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)·2019
Same author

Elevenin signaling modulates body color through the tyrosine-mediated cuticle melanism pathway.

FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology·2019
Same author

Identification and validation of key genes associated with non-small-cell lung cancer.

Journal of cellular physiology·2019

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 29, 2025

Visualizing Mitophagy with Fluorescent Dyes for Mitochondria and Lysosome
07:56

Visualizing Mitophagy with Fluorescent Dyes for Mitochondria and Lysosome

Published on: November 30, 2022

5.8K

Melatonin in Mitochondria: Mitigating Clear and Present Dangers.

Russel J Reiter1, Qiang Ma1, Ramaswamy Sharma1

  • 1Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.

Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)
|February 7, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Melatonin reprograms cancer cell glucose metabolism to a normal phenotype by enabling pyruvate conversion to acetyl-CoA in mitochondria. This process also supports melatonin synthesis, crucial for normal cellular function.

Keywords:
Warburg effectfree radicalslactate metabolismoxidative phosphorylationoxidative stresspyruvate dehydrogenase complexpyruvate dehydrogenase kinasereactive oxygen species

More Related Videos

Sensitive Measurement of Mitophagy by Flow Cytometry Using the pH-dependent Fluorescent Reporter mt-Keima
09:13

Sensitive Measurement of Mitophagy by Flow Cytometry Using the pH-dependent Fluorescent Reporter mt-Keima

Published on: August 12, 2018

15.5K
Detection of Mitochondria Membrane Potential to Study CLIC4 Knockdown-induced HN4 Cell Apoptosis In Vitro
13:20

Detection of Mitochondria Membrane Potential to Study CLIC4 Knockdown-induced HN4 Cell Apoptosis In Vitro

Published on: July 17, 2018

10.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 29, 2025

Visualizing Mitophagy with Fluorescent Dyes for Mitochondria and Lysosome
07:56

Visualizing Mitophagy with Fluorescent Dyes for Mitochondria and Lysosome

Published on: November 30, 2022

5.8K
Sensitive Measurement of Mitophagy by Flow Cytometry Using the pH-dependent Fluorescent Reporter mt-Keima
09:13

Sensitive Measurement of Mitophagy by Flow Cytometry Using the pH-dependent Fluorescent Reporter mt-Keima

Published on: August 12, 2018

15.5K
Detection of Mitochondria Membrane Potential to Study CLIC4 Knockdown-induced HN4 Cell Apoptosis In Vitro
13:20

Detection of Mitochondria Membrane Potential to Study CLIC4 Knockdown-induced HN4 Cell Apoptosis In Vitro

Published on: July 17, 2018

10.7K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Cancer cells exhibit altered glucose metabolism, primarily converting glucose to lactate in the cytosol.
  • Melatonin is a molecule with potential roles in cellular metabolism and cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of melatonin on glucose metabolism reprogramming in cancer cells.
  • To elucidate the role of acetyl-CoA in melatonin's metabolic effects and its own synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of glucose metabolic pathways in cancer cells treated with melatonin.
  • Mitochondrial function assays.
  • Enzyme activity measurements for melatonin synthesis.

Main Results:

  • Melatonin facilitates the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA within the mitochondria of cancer cells.
  • This metabolic shift restores a phenotype resembling normal cells.
  • Acetyl-CoA acts as a cofactor for a key enzyme in melatonin synthesis, sustaining mitochondrial melatonin production.

Conclusions:

  • Melatonin effectively reprograms cancer cell glucose metabolism towards a normal phenotype.
  • The interplay between pyruvate metabolism and melatonin synthesis is critical for mitochondrial function and melatonin production in normal cells.