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Pitching shoulder passive flexibility: torque-angle analysis for external rotation and internal rotation.

Jeff T Wight1, Mark D Tillman2, Guy B Grover3

  • 1Brooks Rehabilitation College of Healthcare Sciences, Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, FL, USA.

Sports Biomechanics
|February 7, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Throwing shoulders show significant differences in passive flexibility compared to non-throwing shoulders. Pitching arms exhibit increased external rotation stiffness and torque, indicating potential injury risks and the need for targeted interventions.

Keywords:
Baseballbiomechanicsinjuryrange of motionthrowing

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Biomechanics
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Pitching involves repetitive, high-velocity arm movements, leading to adaptations in shoulder biomechanics.
  • Understanding bilateral shoulder differences is crucial for injury prevention and performance optimization in baseball pitchers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate significant bilateral differences in passive shoulder flexibility between throwing and non-throwing shoulders in pitchers.
  • To analyze novel measures of shoulder flexibility: resistance onset angle (ROA), rotational stiffness, and torque at end range of motion (ROM).

Main Methods:

  • A custom device was utilized to measure passive external rotation (ER) and internal rotation (IR) flexibility.
  • Thirty upper-level pitchers (Division I and minor league) participated in the bilateral analysis.
  • Shoulder ROM, stiffness, and torque were recorded with the arm abducted 90° and elbow flexed 90°.

Main Results:

  • Significant bilateral differences were found for all measured variables (p < 0.01).
  • The throwing shoulder demonstrated increased ER ROA, ER stiffness, ER torque, and IR stiffness, alongside decreased IR ROA and increased IR torque.
  • Resistance onset angle (ROA) showed strong correlations with end ROM (ER: r=0.85, IR: r=0.86), while stiffness correlations were weaker.

Conclusions:

  • Pitching leads to substantial bilateral asymmetries in shoulder passive flexibility, stiffness, and torque.
  • These findings highlight the unique demands placed on the throwing shoulder and may inform injury risk assessment and rehabilitation strategies.
  • ROA appears to be a strong predictor of end range of motion in the pitching shoulder.