Confocal lens focused piezoelectric lithotripter

This work focuses on the evaluation of a type of piezoelectric lithotripter with similar dimensions of a commercial lithotripter and composed of either 3 or 4 large lens focused piezoelectric transducers set either in a confocal coplanar C-shape or a confocal spherical shape. Each transducer is made with a 92 mm diameter 220 kHz flat piezoelectric ceramic disc and a 3D printed acoustic lens. Both confocal setups pressure field were measured with a fiber optic hydrophone, and in vitro fragmentations of 13 mm diameter and 14 mm length cylindrical model stones were done in a 2 mm mesh basket. The acoustic characterization of the three transducers confocal setup revealed a disc shaped focal volume, with a 2.2 mm width on one axis and a 9.6 mm width on the other, and a peak positive pressure of 40.9 MPa and a peak negative pressure of -16.9 MPa, while the focus of the four transducers confocal setup was similar to a traditional narrow focus high pressure lithotripter with a focus width of 2.1 mm, and a peak positive pressure of 71.9 MPa and peak negative pressure of -24.3 MPa. Both confocal setups showed in vitro fragmentation efficiency close to a commercial electroconductive lithotripter.