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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 29, 2025

An Assessment Method and Toolkit to Evaluate Keyboard Design on Smartphones

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Typing on a Smartwatch While Mobile: A Comparison of Input Methods.

Colton J Turner¹, Barbara S Chaparro², Jibo He³

¹Priority Designs, Columbus, OH, USA.

|February 8, 2020

Summary

Trace input offers the best smartwatch typing experience, outperforming tap and handwriting methods in speed and user satisfaction. This method is recommended for smartwatch manufacturers to enhance user experience.

Keywords:

interface evaluation mobile devices product design usability testing and evaluation wearable devices

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Area of Science:

Human-Computer Interaction
Wearable Technology

Background:

Smartwatch adoption is limited by inefficient text entry methods.
Native text entry (tap, trace, handwriting) was introduced in Android Wear in 2017.
Evaluating input methods is crucial for improving smartwatch user experience.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate user experience with smartwatch typing using tap, trace, and handwriting input methods.
To compare user performance and subjective ratings across different input methods and mobility scenarios.

Main Methods:

Twenty college-age participants typed phrases on a smartwatch.
Input methods included tap, trace, and handwriting.
Mobility scenarios included standing, walking a simple course, and walking a complex course.

Main Results:

Trace input yielded the highest typing speed (30 words per minute), followed by tap (20 WPM) and handwriting (18 WPM), irrespective of mobility.
Trace input also received superior subjective ratings compared to tap and handwriting across all mobility conditions.

Conclusions:

Trace input is objectively and subjectively superior for smartwatch typing, regardless of user mobility.
Typing speeds with trace input are significantly faster than other methods.
Smartwatch manufacturers should integrate QWERTY keyboards with trace input as a standard feature.