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Published on: May 17, 2024
Scar Assessment After Breast Reconstruction: Risk Factors for Hypertrophy and Hyperpigmentation in Asian Patients
Hirotaka Suga1, Tomohiro Shiraishi, Akihiko Takushima
1From the Department of Plastic Surgery, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Background:
Breast scars after breast reconstruction can be hypertrophic and/or hyperpigmented, especially in Asian patients, whose skin is thicker and has increased melanin. Few studies have focused on breast scars after breast reconstruction, and the risk factors for an abnormal breast scar remain unknown.
Methods:
We examined 257 Asian patients who underwent an immediate 2-stage unilateral implant-based breast reconstruction. Vascularity, hypertrophy, and hyperpigmentation of the patients' breast scars were assessed at 1 year postoperatively. Risk factors for an abnormal scar were analyzed statistically. Analyzed patient factors included age, body mass index, incision site (frontal or lateral), breast size (the weight of the resected specimen), skin necrosis at the initial operation (expander placement), and adjuvant therapy.
Results:
At 1 year postoperatively, 161 patients (63%) showed normal vascularity, 77 patients (30%) showed mild vascularity, 18 patients (7%) showed moderate vascularity, and 1 patient (0.4%) showed severe vascularity. No patient factors were correlated with vascularity. Thirty-two patients (12%) showed hypertrophy, and the rate of hypertrophy was significantly higher in the patients with a lateral incision (n = 59) compared with those with a frontal incision (n = 198) (28.8% vs 7.6%, P < 0.01). Even in the frontal incision group, a lateral part of the frontal scar was likely to be hypertrophic. Forty-six patients (18%) showed hyperpigmentation, and the rate of hyperpigmentation was significantly higher in the patients with skin necrosis (n = 47) at the initial operation than those without skin necrosis (n = 210) (57.4% vs 9.0%, P < 0.01). Large breast was also a risk factor for hyperpigmentation due to its higher frequency of skin necrosis.
Conclusions:
In Asian patients who undergo breast reconstruction, the use of a lateral incision is a risk factor for hypertrophy, and skin necrosis at the initial operation is a risk factor for hyperpigmentation at the breast scar.
