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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Rewiring the extremely preterm brain: Altered structural connectivity relates to language function.

Maria E Barnes-Davis1, Brady J Williamson2, Stephanie L Merhar1

  • 1Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States.

Neuroimage. Clinical
|February 8, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Children born extremely preterm show altered brain wiring, with increased connections outside the corpus callosum supporting language skills. This may indicate a pathway for brain resilience after preterm birth.

Keywords:
ConnectivityDevelopmentDiffusionLanguagePrematurity

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Neuroscience
  • Pediatric Neurology

Background:

  • Children born extremely preterm (<28 weeks) face higher risks of cognitive and language impairments.
  • Previous studies show conflicting findings of increased functional connectivity but decreased corpus callosum integrity in preterm children.
  • The anatomical basis for observed functional hyperconnectivity in preterm infants remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate structural connectivity differences in school-aged children born extremely preterm compared to term-born controls.
  • To explore the relationship between structural connectivity, particularly extracallosal pathways, and language function in preterm children.
  • To identify potential anatomical substrates underlying functional hyperconnectivity and brain resiliency in extremely preterm infants.

Main Methods:

  • Employed advanced connectometry analyses (whole-brain and functionally-constrained) on neuroimaging data from 12 extremely preterm and 10 term-born children (aged 4-6 years).
  • Assessed structural connectivity, focusing on the corpus callosum and extracallosal pathways, particularly between bilateral temporal regions.
  • Correlated structural connectivity measures with performance on standardized language assessments.

Main Results:

  • Extremely preterm children exhibited decreased connectivity within the corpus callosum and increased connectivity in the cerebellum compared to controls.
  • Significantly increased extracallosal structural connectivity between bilateral temporal regions was observed in preterm children.
  • Connectivity within these extracallosal pathways positively correlated with language performance in preterm children but not in controls.

Conclusions:

  • This study identifies anatomical substrates for increased interhemispheric functional connectivity in extremely preterm children.
  • Increased reliance on extracallosal pathways may represent a compensatory mechanism or biomarker for resiliency following extremely preterm birth.
  • Findings highlight the importance of exploring atypical brain wiring for understanding neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm populations.