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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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MicroRNAs01:22

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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Cell Signaling in Plants01:25

Cell Signaling in Plants

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Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs

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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
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Updated: Dec 29, 2025

mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation
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mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation

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The Function of miRNAs in Plants.

Anthony A Millar1

  • 1Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression and are vital for plant development and stress responses. This issue explores miRNA functions, including adaptation to nutrient availability and responses to environmental cues.

Keywords:
abiotic stresscircular RNAsdevelopmentmiRNAsnutrient availabilityphasiRNAtasiRNA

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Last Updated: Dec 29, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs regulating gene expression through messenger RNA (mRNA) binding.
  • Ancient and less conserved miRNAs play fundamental roles in plant development and responses to biotic/abiotic cues.
  • miRNA functions extend to virtually all aspects of plant biology, including nutrient availability and stress adaptation.

Discussion:

  • This Special Issue investigates miRNA function and mechanisms in plant development and abiotic stress response.
  • Papers explore how miRNAs adapt plants to nutrient availability and the associated silencing machinery.
  • Studies profile changes in miRNA abundance during stress and investigate circular RNAs as potential miRNA decoys.

Key Insights:

  • miRNAs are crucial for controlling plant developmental programs and stress responses.
  • Circular RNAs may act as endogenous decoys, sequestering and inhibiting miRNA function.
  • Understanding miRNA abundance changes and circular RNA roles is critical for future research.

Outlook:

  • Future research should focus on determining the functional significance of miRNA abundance changes and circular RNAs.
  • The agricultural impact of miRNAs and secondary small RNAs (sRNAs) in crops like maize is a key area for exploration.
  • Further investigation into miRNA-triggered secondary sRNA production is warranted.