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Related Concept Videos

Factors Influencing Heart Rate01:30

Factors Influencing Heart Rate

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The heart rate, or pulse rate, is a vital indicator of cardiovascular health. It reflects the number of times the heart beats per minute. Various physiological and environmental factors influence heart rate, increasing or decreasing cardiac output. Understanding these factors is crucial for assessing heart function and identifying potential health issues.
Let us explore the significant factors affecting heart rate, including age, body temperature, posture, acute pain, chemical influences,...
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Pulse rhythm01:30

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Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
Conversely, an irregular pulse pattern is termed dysrhythmia, stemming from disruptions in cardiac...
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Regulation of Heart Rates01:31

Regulation of Heart Rates

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The regulation of heart rate is a complex process controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS), hormonal influences, and intrinsic cardiac mechanisms. The ANS has two main components: the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS).
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Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

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Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart...
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Longitudinal Studies01:26

Longitudinal Studies

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Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
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Holter Monitor: 24-Hour Monitoring01:23

Holter Monitor: 24-Hour Monitoring

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Holter monitoring is a continuous electrocardiography (ECG) recording that tracks the heart's electrical activity over an extended period, generally 24 to 48 hours. This noninvasive diagnostic tool detects irregular heart rhythms that may not be captured during a standard ECG performed in a clinical setting.DeviceThe Holter monitor is a portable, small device connected to several electrodes on the patient's chest. These electrodes detect the heart's electrical signals and transmit them to the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 29, 2025

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Children
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Mortality and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in the Heart Rate Characteristics Monitoring Randomized Controlled Trial.

Robert L Schelonka1, Waldemar A Carlo2, Charles R Bauer3

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR.

The Journal of Pediatrics
|February 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Continuous monitoring of heart rate characteristics in neonatal intensive care did not reduce the composite outcome of death or neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) in extremely preterm infants. However, mortality was significantly reduced in the monitored group.

Keywords:
extremely low birthweight infantneurodevelopmental follow upsepsis

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Clinical Trials

Background:

  • Extremely preterm infants face high risks of mortality and neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI).
  • Continuous monitoring of heart rate characteristics is a potential intervention to improve outcomes in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effect of continuous heart rate characteristics monitoring on the composite outcome of death or NDI in infants weighing ≤1000g at birth.
  • To determine if this monitoring strategy impacts mortality and specific neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • A subset of infants from a multicenter randomized trial were analyzed.
  • Survivors were assessed at 18-22 months corrected age using neurologic examinations and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-III (BSID-III).
  • Neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) was defined by criteria including cerebral palsy, cognitive/language scores, hearing, and vision impairment.

Main Results:

  • The composite outcome of death or NDI did not differ significantly between the monitored group (38.9%) and controls (44.4%).
  • However, mortality was significantly reduced in the group with displayed heart rate characteristics monitoring (24.8% vs. 32.0% in controls, P=0.028).
  • Composite outcomes of death or severe cerebral palsy, and death or low Bayley cognitive score were less frequent in the monitored group.

Conclusions:

  • Continuous heart rate characteristics monitoring did not significantly decrease the composite outcome of death or NDI in extremely preterm infants.
  • The intervention showed a significant reduction in mortality and certain components of NDI, suggesting a potential benefit for specific adverse outcomes.