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Updated: Dec 29, 2025

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Neurodevelopmental pathways in bipolar disorder.

Stefan Kloiber1, Joshua D Rosenblat2, Muhammad I Husain1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada.

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
|February 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neurodevelopmental aberrations are linked to mental disorders, with evidence suggesting a role in bipolar disorder (BD) pathophysiology, especially in early-onset or psychotic cases. This review proposes a neurodevelopmental model for BD.

Keywords:
Bipolar disorderCognitionGenomicsNeurobiologyNeurodevelopmentNeuroimagingPsychiatrySchizophrenia

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Neurodevelopmental trajectories are implicated in mental disorders.
  • Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BD) share pathophysiological and genetic overlaps.
  • Evidence suggests a neurodevelopmental basis for BD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence for a neurodevelopmental pathogenesis and etiology of BD.
  • To propose a neurodevelopmental model for BD pathophysiology.
  • To discuss clinical and research implications and future directions.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of developmental, perinatal, epidemiological, clinical, neuropsychological, neuroimaging, postmortem, and genomic studies.
  • Synthesis of evidence for neurodevelopmental involvement in BD.
  • Development of a heuristic neurodevelopmental model for BD.

Main Results:

  • Neurodevelopmental aberrations are more consistently implicated in schizophrenia than BD.
  • Evidence suggests dysfunctional neurodevelopmental pathways in a subset of BD patients, particularly those with early onset or psychotic symptoms.
  • A heuristic neurodevelopmental model for BD pathophysiology is proposed.

Conclusions:

  • Dysfunctional neurodevelopmental pathways may contribute to BD pathophysiology in specific patient groups.
  • The proposed model offers insights into BD etiology and guides future research.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the role of neurodevelopment in BD.