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The main and largest component of the human brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum consists of two main parts: the cerebral cortex, an outer layer with wrinkles or folds known as gyri and shallow grooves called sulci, and a deeper region beneath it. The cerebrum divides into two distinct hemispheres and contains five different lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula. The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes and two functionally important gyri — the...
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Cortical Malformations: Lessons in Human Brain Development.

Lakshmi Subramanian1, Maria Elisa Calcagnotto2,3,4, Mercedes F Paredes1,5,6

  • 1Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
|February 11, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human brain development involves complex steps, including gyrification, leading to advanced behaviors. Disruptions in these unique developmental processes can cause malformations of the cerebral cortex.

Keywords:
MCD = malformation of cortical developmentconnectivityhuman cortical developmentneuronal migrationprogenitors cells

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Cortical development is crucial for complex behaviors, evolving with species-specific features like gyrification.
  • The human brain's size and complexity are linked to unique developmental processes, including diverse progenitor cells and extended maturation timelines.
  • These complex developmental features also present vulnerabilities, potentially leading to neurological diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the unique developmental steps in human corticogenesis.
  • To propose how disruptions in these species-unique processes may lead to malformations of cortical development.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of developmental pathways across species.
  • Review of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying corticogenesis.
  • Examination of genetic and environmental factors influencing cortical development.

Main Results:

  • Gyrification in the cortex is associated with increased behavioral complexity across species.
  • Human corticogenesis features diverse progenitor cells, protracted neuronal migration, and maturation, contributing to brain expansion.
  • Vulnerabilities arise from increased cell types and extended developmental windows, impacting cortical circuit organization.

Conclusions:

  • Unique aspects of human corticogenesis, such as gyrification and extended developmental timelines, are key to complex brain function.
  • Disruptions in these species-specific developmental processes can result in malformations of cortical development.
  • Understanding these unique developmental pathways is critical for addressing neurodevelopmental disorders.