Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes02:19

Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes

4.0K
A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
4.0K
Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane01:18

Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane

2.3K
Proteins targeted to the inner chloroplast membrane, or plastid proteins, are transported by two general pathways: the stop-transfer and the re-insertion or post-import pathways. Most plastid proteins carry N-terminal transit sequences and internal import sequences targeting it to the specific chloroplast subcompartment. Proteins targeted by the stop-transfer pathway have internal hydrophobic sequences that inhibit their translocation into the stroma. As a result, these precursors are arrested...
2.3K
Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane01:11

Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane

2.3K
Chloroplast outer membrane proteins encoded by the nucleus are synthesized in the cytosol. Soon after synthesis, they bind cytosolic factors such as 14-3-3 protein and the Hsp70 chaperones that keep these precursors in an unfolded state until their translocation.
Two models describe the mechanism of precursor recognition and entry across the outer membrane through the TOC complex. Model 1 suggests the newly synthesized precursor binds to the TOC receptor 159 and forms a complex.
2.3K
Protein Modifications in the RER01:26

Protein Modifications in the RER

6.7K
Modification of secretory and transmembrane proteins entering the rough ER begins in the ER lumen. These modifications aid in protein folding and stabilize the acquired tertiary structure. Protein modifications in the rough ER co-occur at different stages of protein folding.
Broadly, these modifications can be categorized into four main categories — glycosylation, formation of disulfide bonds, assembly of protein subunits, and specific proteolytic cleavages like removal of signal...
6.7K
Protein Transport to the Stroma01:24

Protein Transport to the Stroma

2.1K
Chloroplasts are triple membrane structures with an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and a thylakoid membrane, each containing distinct metabolite transporters, membrane translocons, and enzymes. Appropriate sorting and translocating these proteins to their correct membrane systems is essential for chloroplast function.
Protein complexes called the translocon of the outer chloroplast membrane or TOC complex, and the translocon of the inner chloroplast membrane or TIC complex mediate the...
2.1K
The Anatomy of Chloroplasts01:08

The Anatomy of Chloroplasts

7.2K
Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor specialized organelles called chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis. They coordinate both stages of photosynthesis — the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reactions use sunlight to release oxygen and produce chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reactions capture CO2 and use ATP and NADPH to produce sugar.
Structure of...
7.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

EXECUTER-Mediated Singlet Oxygen Signaling in Plants: Mechanisms, Evolution, and Functional Diversification.

Plant communications·2026
Same author

Trp521 oxidation affects FtsH2 stability and its role in PSII repair.

The New phytologist·2026
Same author

Biogenic retrograde signaling via GUN1 ensures thermotolerant chloroplast biogenesis during seedling establishment in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Journal of integrative plant biology·2025
Same author

Salicylic acid and ROS signaling modulate hypocotyl elongation in darkness via NPR1 and EX1.

Science advances·2025
Same author

The chloroplast translocon subunit TOC33 relays singlet oxygen-induced chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling in Arabidopsis.

Molecular plant·2025
Same author

Temperature-driven changes in membrane fluidity differentially impact FILAMENTATION TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE H2-mediated photosystem II repair.

The Plant cell·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 28, 2025

Imaging Approaches to Assessments of Toxicological Oxidative Stress Using Genetically-encoded Fluorogenic Sensors
09:33

Imaging Approaches to Assessments of Toxicological Oxidative Stress Using Genetically-encoded Fluorogenic Sensors

Published on: February 7, 2018

7.8K

ROS-Driven Oxidative Modification: Its Impact on Chloroplasts-Nucleus Communication.

Chanhong Kim1

  • 1Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.

Frontiers in Plant Science
|February 11, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in chloroplasts can damage photosynthesis but also trigger beneficial retrograde signaling (RS) pathways. This signaling, mediated by ROS oxidation of sensor molecules, influences plant acclimation and growth.

Keywords:
chloroplastoxidative modificationphotosystemreactive oxygen speciesretrograde signalling

More Related Videos

Protocol for the Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Mixed Cultures of Neurons and Glia for Neurotoxicity Testing
09:02

Protocol for the Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Mixed Cultures of Neurons and Glia for Neurotoxicity Testing

Published on: June 9, 2017

24.1K
Defining Hsp33's Redox-regulated Chaperone Activity and Mapping Conformational Changes on Hsp33 Using Hydrogen-deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry
10:24

Defining Hsp33's Redox-regulated Chaperone Activity and Mapping Conformational Changes on Hsp33 Using Hydrogen-deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 7, 2018

9.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 28, 2025

Imaging Approaches to Assessments of Toxicological Oxidative Stress Using Genetically-encoded Fluorogenic Sensors
09:33

Imaging Approaches to Assessments of Toxicological Oxidative Stress Using Genetically-encoded Fluorogenic Sensors

Published on: February 7, 2018

7.8K
Protocol for the Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Mixed Cultures of Neurons and Glia for Neurotoxicity Testing
09:02

Protocol for the Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Mixed Cultures of Neurons and Glia for Neurotoxicity Testing

Published on: June 9, 2017

24.1K
Defining Hsp33's Redox-regulated Chaperone Activity and Mapping Conformational Changes on Hsp33 Using Hydrogen-deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry
10:24

Defining Hsp33's Redox-regulated Chaperone Activity and Mapping Conformational Changes on Hsp33 Using Hydrogen-deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 7, 2018

9.1K

Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Photosynthesis Research
  • Cellular Signaling

Background:

  • Chloroplasts produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) during photosynthesis, which can damage cellular components.
  • ROS also function as signaling molecules, mediating communication between chloroplasts and the nucleus, known as retrograde signaling (RS).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the emerging understanding of how oxidative modifications of molecules associated with retrograde signaling are crucial for sensing and responding to ROS.
  • To explore the role of ROS-mediated retrograde signaling in various plant physiological processes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on ROS production, retrograde signaling, and oxidative modifications in plants.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the mechanisms of ROS perception and signaling.

Main Results:

  • ROS act as dual-edged swords, causing damage but also initiating beneficial retrograde signaling cascades.
  • Oxidative modification of sensor molecules is a key mechanism for ROS-driven retrograde signaling.
  • ROS-mediated retrograde signaling influences plant acclimation, resistance, programmed cell death, and growth.

Conclusions:

  • Oxidative modification-associated retrograde signaling is a vital process for plants to adapt to photo-oxidative stress.
  • Understanding these pathways is crucial for comprehending plant stress responses and physiology.