Clinical diagnosis and treatment of immune checkpoint inhibitors-related endocrine dysfunction

As a new class of antitumor drugs, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown remarkable efficacy toward the treatment of various malignant tumors. By virtue of their targets and mechanisms of action, ICIs can cause autoimmune and inflammatory effects, termed as immune-related adverse events (irAEs) and unlike the adverse reactions of traditional therapies, irAEs are occult and not fixed, with some serious adverse reactions forcing patients to stop treatment which might even affect their survival. Therefore, with the wide clinical application of ICIs, clinicians need to fully understand the possible adverse reactions of these drugs and devise reasonable treatment strategies to improve the survival rate and therapeutic effects of patients receiving ICIs. In this article, we review the incidence, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of immune-related endocrine events that may occur with the administration of ICIs.