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Updated: Dec 28, 2025

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Covalent C-N Bond Formation through a Surface Catalyzed Thermal Cyclodehydrogenation
Ilya Piskun1, Raymond Blackwell1, Joaquim Jornet-Somoza2,3
1Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.
Abstract:
The integration of substitutional dopants at predetermined positions along the hexagonal lattice of graphene-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is a critical tool in the design of functional electronic materials. Here, we report the unusually mild thermally induced oxidative cyclodehydrogenation of dianthryl pyrazino[2,3-g]quinoxalines to form the four covalent C-N bonds in tetraazateranthene on Au(111) and Ag(111) surfaces. Bond-resolved scanning probe microscopy, differential conductance spectroscopy, along with first-principles calculations unambiguously confirm the structural assignment. Detailed mechanistic analysis based on ab initio density functional theory calculations reveals a stepwise mechanism featuring a rate determining barrier of only ΔE⧧ = 0.6 eV, consistent with the experimentally observed reaction conditions.
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