Fibroblast subtypes define a metastatic matrisome in breast cancer

Small primary breast cancers can show surprisingly high potential for metastasis. Clinical decision-making for tumor aggressiveness, including molecular profiling, relies primarily on analysis of the cancer cells. Here we show that this analysis is insufficient - that the stromal microenvironment of the primary tumor plays a key role in tumor cell dissemination and implantation at distant sites. We previously described 2 cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) that either express (CD146+) or lack (CD146-) CD146 (official symbol MCAM, alias MUC18). We now find that when mixed with human breast cancer cells, each fibroblast subtype determines the fate of cancer cells: CD146- fibroblasts promoted increased metastasis compared with CD146+ fibroblasts. Potentially novel quantitative and qualitative proteomic analyses showed that CD146+ CAFs produced an environment rich in basement membrane proteins, while CD146- CAFs exhibited increases in fibronectin 1, lysyl oxidase, and tenascin C, all overexpressed in aggressive disease. We also show clinically that CD146- CAFs predicted for likelihood of lymph node involvement even in small primary tumors (<5 cm). Clearly small tumors enriched for CD146- CAFs require aggressive treatments.