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Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways01:29

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Amino acid biosynthesis is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation. Cells generate essential and non-essential amino acids from metabolic intermediates to sustain vital biological functions. These intermediates originate from key metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Important precursors include α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose-4-phosphate, which...
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In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is the second stage of cellular respiration wherein molecules derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are oxidized into carbon dioxide and energy. This process is also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle as the first product of the cycle, citric acid, contains three carboxyl groups in its structure. Alternatively, this cycle is also referred to as the Krebs cycle, in honor of its discoverer Sir Hans Krebs.
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Microbial membranes exhibit remarkable diversity in lipid composition, reflecting evolutionary adaptations to various environmental conditions. The three domains of life—Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya—synthesize membrane lipids through distinct biosynthetic pathways, leading to fundamental structural differences that impact membrane stability, function, and adaptability.Fatty Acid-Based Lipids in Bacteria and EukaryaBacteria and eukaryotes share a common fatty acid biosynthesis...
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Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
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Biosynthesis in bacteria is a fundamental anabolic process that generates essential macromolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and polysaccharides. These macromolecules are critical for cellular growth, replication, and function. The process is tightly regulated and energetically linked to catabolic pathways to ensure optimal resource utilization.Biosynthetic pathways begin with precursor metabolites such as pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, and glucose-6-phosphate derived from glycolysis,...
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The citric acid cycle is termed an amphibolic pathway as it operates both anabolically and catabolically. The cyclic reactions balance the flux of the substrates to provide an optimal concentration of NADH and ATP to the cell.
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Current advances in acteoside biosynthesis pathway elucidation and biosynthesis.

Yanqing Zhou1, Jialin Zhu1, Luying Shao1

  • 1College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China.

Fitoterapia
|February 12, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Acteoside, a bioactive compound, faces challenges due to low plant content and poor stability. This review details advances in understanding its biosynthesis and enhancing its production through metabolic engineering and synthetic biology.

Keywords:
Acteoside biosynthesis pathwayEnzymatic pathway determinationGene functional characterizations and expressionMetabolic engineeringOmics

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Area of Science:

  • Natural Product Chemistry
  • Plant Biotechnology
  • Metabolic Engineering

Background:

  • Acteoside is a valuable bioactive compound found in medicinal plants, known for anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties.
  • Low natural abundance and poor stability of acteoside present significant challenges for its utilization.
  • Understanding and optimizing acteoside biosynthesis is crucial for its wider application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in elucidating the acteoside biosynthesis pathway.
  • To summarize current strategies for bio-production of acteoside using metabolic engineering and synthetic biology.
  • To propose a combined putative acteoside biosynthesis pathway and identify future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on acteoside biosynthesis pathway elucidation, including enzymatic determination and gene function analysis.
  • Analysis of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology approaches for acteoside production.
  • Examination of plant tissue culture techniques for enhancing acteoside content.
  • Establishment of a combined putative acteoside biosynthesis pathway.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress has been made in understanding the genetic and enzymatic basis of acteoside biosynthesis.
  • Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology offer promising avenues for increasing acteoside yields.
  • A comprehensive putative acteoside biosynthesis pathway has been proposed.
  • Key challenges and future trends in acteoside research have been identified.

Conclusions:

  • Elucidation of acteoside biosynthesis is advancing, paving the way for improved production strategies.
  • Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology hold great potential for overcoming limitations in acteoside content and stability.
  • This review provides a critical overview of the field, guiding future research and development.