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Related Concept Videos

Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

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Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen...
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Defense Mechanism Against Infection01:26

Defense Mechanism Against Infection

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Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
In addition, many body organ systems have unique defenses against infection. The skin is an intact, multilayered surface preventing invasion by microorganisms unless impaired. Mucous membranes lining the mouth, nose, and eyelids are barriers...
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Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
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Reticular Dermis01:15

Reticular Dermis

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The papillary and reticular dermis are the two layers of the dermis. They are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat indistinct. The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer.
Reticular Layer
Underlying the papillary layer is the much thicker reticular layer, composed of dense, irregular connective...
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Surface Membrane Barriers01:18

Surface Membrane Barriers

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The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is a robust barrier comprising layers of closely packed keratinized cells. This dense arrangement prevents microbes from penetrating the body. The periodic shedding of epidermal cells...
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Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis01:23

Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis

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The skin plays a crucial role in the synthesis of vitamin D, a vital nutrient for various physiological processes in the body. Vitamin D is unique because it can be synthesized in the skin through a series of chemical reactions triggered by exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight.
The solar UV B rays (290-315 nm) are absorbed by the skin, and 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3) photolyzes it to previtamin D3, which undergoes a rapid transformation to vitamin...
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Updated: Dec 28, 2025

Co-culture of Living Microbiome with Microengineered Human Intestinal Villi in a Gut-on-a-Chip Microfluidic Device
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Co-culture of Living Microbiome with Microengineered Human Intestinal Villi in a Gut-on-a-Chip Microfluidic Device

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Universal Dermal Microbiome in Human Skin.

Lene Bay1, Christopher James Barnes2, Blaine Gabriel Fritz1

  • 1Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Mbio
|February 13, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The human skin

Keywords:
16S rRNA genesDNA sequencingcutaneous compartmentsdermal microbiotadry habitatskin biopsiesskin microbiome

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Dermatology
  • Human Microbiome

Background:

  • Human skin microbiota was previously thought to be an individual "microbial fingerprint."
  • Understanding of skin microbiota primarily focused on the epidermis, neglecting deeper skin layers.
  • Environmental factors significantly influence microbial communities across skin compartments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the dermal microbiota and compare it with the epidermal microbiota.
  • To investigate variations in skin microbiota across different individuals and anatomical locations.
  • To challenge the existing paradigm of skin microbiota uniqueness.

Main Methods:

  • Sampling and analysis of skin microbiota from epidermal and dermal layers.
  • Comparison of bacterial community composition between skin compartments and anatomical sites.
  • Assessment of environmental influences on epidermal versus dermal microbiota.

Main Results:

  • The dermal microbiota is remarkably consistent across healthy individuals, unlike the epidermal microbiota.
  • Dermal microbiota represents a distinct subset of the epidermal microbiota.
  • Bacterial community variability decreased significantly from epidermis to dermis and was consistent across hip and knee sites.

Conclusions:

  • The dermal microbiota is a conserved, universal community distinct from the epidermal microbiota.
  • This conserved dermal community likely plays a crucial role in host-microbe interactions and immune responses.
  • Future research on skin disorders and infections should consider the dermal microbiota's unique properties.