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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Leaky Scanning

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA. Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...

Viral Recombination

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

Acute Pharyngitis

Acute Pharyngitis

Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...

Types of Fever

Types of Fever

Fever can be triggered by several factors, including infections, nervous system disorders, certain cancers, blood diseases like leukemia, embolism, thrombosis, heatstroke, dehydration, surgical trauma, crushing injuries, and allergic reactions.
Here are the different types of fever:

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Updated: Dec 28, 2025

A Luciferase-fluorescent Reporter Influenza Virus for Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection

A Luciferase-fluorescent Reporter Influenza Virus for Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection

Published on: August 14, 2019

Influenza.

Dhanya Dharmapalan¹

¹Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Apollo Hospitals, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, India. drdhanyaroshan@gmail.com.

Indian Journal of Pediatrics

|February 13, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Influenza viruses constantly evolve, posing challenges in diagnostics, treatments, and vaccines. Enhanced preparedness is crucial, especially for India, to combat future pandemics.

Keywords:

Hemagglutinin Influenza Influenza vaccines Neuraminidase Oseltamivir Pandemic

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Imaging Cell Interaction in Tracheal Mucosa During Influenza Virus Infection Using Two-photon Intravital Microscopy

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Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

Published on: September 7, 2017

Area of Science:

Virology
Infectious Diseases
Public Health

Background:

Influenza viruses are known for their rapid evolution, necessitating continuous research.
Significant progress has been made in understanding influenza pathogenesis, bacterial co-infections, and diagnostics.
Existing challenges include developing affordable point-of-care tests, effective antivirals, and broadly protective vaccines.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the ongoing challenges in influenza research and control.
To emphasize the need for improved diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines.
To underscore the importance of pandemic preparedness, particularly for India.

Main Methods:

This study is a review and synthesis of current knowledge on influenza.
It analyzes advances in virology, pathogenesis, and diagnostics.
It discusses challenges in drug development, antiviral resistance, and vaccine technology.

Main Results:

Despite advances, significant hurdles remain in influenza management.
Developing rapid, reliable, and affordable diagnostic tools is critical.
Combating antiviral resistance and creating universal vaccines are key research priorities.

Conclusions:

Continued innovation is essential to address the evolving threat of influenza.
Enhanced global and national preparedness is vital to mitigate the impact of future influenza pandemics.
India must prioritize strengthening its pandemic response capabilities.