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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Updated: Dec 28, 2025

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol
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In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol

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Tuning T helper cell differentiation by ITK.

Jessica P Elmore1, Michael C McGee2, Natalie F Nidetz2

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.

Biochemical Society Transactions
|February 13, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Signals from IL-2 inducible T cell kinase (ITK) control the differentiation of CD4+ effector T cells. ITK signaling pathways, like Ras/MAPK, influence the development of TH17, Treg, and Tr1 cells.

Keywords:
ItkT-cellscytokineskinasesignaling

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • CD4+ effector T cells are crucial for adaptive immunity, producing cytokines to direct immune responses.
  • The IL-2 inducible T cell kinase (ITK) is a key mediator of T cell receptor signaling, regulating effector T cell development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of ITK signaling in the differentiation of distinct CD4+ effector T cell subsets.
  • To elucidate how ITK downstream signals, including Ras/MAPK, control TH17, Treg, and Tr1 cell development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating ITK signaling in T cell differentiation.
  • Analysis of molecular pathways downstream of ITK activation.

Main Results:

  • ITK signaling plays a critical role in orchestrating the balance between different effector T cell lineages.
  • Downstream signals, such as Ras/MAPK, are differentially regulated by ITK to control specific cell fate decisions.
  • ITK acts as a crucial checkpoint in the differentiation process.

Conclusions:

  • ITK signaling is a central regulator of CD4+ effector T cell differentiation.
  • Understanding ITK's role provides insights into controlling immune responses and developing targeted therapies.