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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

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Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

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Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers01:17

Antiepileptic Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers

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Calcium channel blockers, a class of antiepileptic drugs, regulate the flow of calcium ions within neurons.
Calcium channel blockers exert their antiepileptic effects by targeting T-type calcium channels, which are integral to transmitting nerve signals in the central nervous system. These channels allow the passage of calcium ions, which are vital for neuronal communication. By inhibiting T-type calcium channels, calcium channel blockers effectively reduce the release of neurotransmitters and...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

1.1K
γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 28, 2025

Generation and On-Demand Initiation of Acute Ictal Activity in Rodent and Human Tissue
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Generation and On-Demand Initiation of Acute Ictal Activity in Rodent and Human Tissue

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Chance and risk in epilepsy.

Maxime O Baud1,2, Timothée Proix3, Vikram R Rao4

  • 1Sleep-Wake-Epilepsy Center and Center for Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Inselspital Bern, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern.

Current Opinion in Neurology
|February 13, 2020
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Summary

Epilepsy seizures are not random. Recent studies reveal cyclical brain activity patterns, offering new insights into seizure prediction and management. These findings challenge traditional views of epilepsy dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Dynamical Systems Theory
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by unpredictable seizures.
  • The transition to the ictal state is not fully understood.
  • Dynamical systems theory suggests a slow control parameter influences seizure occurrence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the temporal structure of epileptic brain activity.
  • To challenge the notion of seizures as random events.
  • To explore the implications of cyclical brain activity for seizure forecasting.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of chronic electroencephalogram (EEG) datasets.
  • Application of dynamical systems theory to model brain activity.
  • Identification of cyclical patterns at multiple timescales (circadian, multidien, circannual).

Main Results:

  • Converging evidence reveals cyclical patterns in epileptic brain activity.
  • These cycles occur at circadian, multidien, and circannual timescales.
  • The temporal structure suggests a cyclical change in a slow control parameter.

Conclusions:

  • Seizures may not be entirely random events.
  • Cyclical brain activity has predictive value for seizure forecasting.
  • This paradigm shift necessitates next-generation devices for monitoring time-varying seizure risk.