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Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...
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Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria01:10

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Intracellular bacteria and viruses often comprise a group of highly infectious pathogens that can cause several diseases. Bacterial pathogens include those belonging to the genus Rickettsia responsible for conditions such as rocky mountain spotted fever and the Mediterranean spotted fever; Chlamydia, a genus responsible for a sexually transmitted disease; Coxiella burnetii, an agent responsible for Q fever. Viral pathogens include vaccinia—a poxvirus, and herpes simplex virus—a...
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Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:20

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Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when bulk amounts of specific molecules are imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. The molecules bound to these receptors are taken into the cell through inward folding of the cell surface membrane, which is eventually pinched off into a vesicle within the cell. Structural proteins, such as clathrin, coat the budding vesicle.
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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Correction: Kalvala et al. Cannabidiol-Loaded Extracellular Vesicles from Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alleviate Paclitaxel-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy. <i>Pharmaceutics</i> 2023, <i>15</i>, 554.

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Updated: Dec 28, 2025

Direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy of Extracellular Vesicles in Three Dimensions
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Extracellular Vesicles in Epstein-Barr Virus Pathogenesis.

Allaura S Cone1, Sara B York1, David G Meckes1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.

Current Clinical Microbiology Reports
|February 14, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-altered extracellular vesicles (EVs) contribute to EBV pathogenesis and cancer progression. These EVs transfer viral components, impacting recipient cells and offering potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for EBV-associated diseases.

Keywords:
Epstein-Barr virusautoimmunecancerdiagnosticexosomesextracellular vesicles

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Cell Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is linked to various cancers and autoimmune conditions.
  • The precise mechanisms of EBV pathogenesis remain incompletely understood.
  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from infected cells significantly influence cellular microenvironments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate the role of EVs in EBV pathogenesis.
  • To assess the therapeutic and diagnostic potential of EVs in EBV-related diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on EBV and EVs.
  • Analysis of EV-mediated transfer of viral components.
  • Evaluation of diagnostic and prognostic markers associated with EVs.

Main Results:

  • EBV-altered EVs transfer viral proteins and RNAs, activating signaling pathways and altering recipient cell phenotypes.
  • EV-associated microRNAs show promise as prognostic or diagnostic markers in EBV-associated cancers.

Conclusions:

  • EBV-modified EVs play a role in viral pathogenesis and cancer progression.
  • Further research is required to elucidate the direct effects of viral and host products within EVs.
  • Understanding EV packaging mechanisms is crucial for therapeutic and diagnostic development.