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Related Concept Videos

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I01:26

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I

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The main and largest component of the human brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum consists of two main parts: the cerebral cortex, an outer layer with wrinkles or folds known as gyri and shallow grooves called sulci, and a deeper region beneath it. The cerebrum divides into two distinct hemispheres and contains five different lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula. The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes and two functionally important gyri — the...
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Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

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Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...
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Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II01:11

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II

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Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...
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Cerebral Hemispheres01:05

Cerebral Hemispheres

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The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
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Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions01:17

Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions

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The cerebellum, also known as the "little brain," is located in the posterior cranial fossa, inferior to the tentorium cerebelli and dorsal to the brainstem. It plays a significant role in motor control, coordination, and proprioception.
Cerebellar Structure
Externally, the cerebellum features a highly convoluted surface with numerous folia (narrow ridges) separated by shallow sulci (grooves). The cerebellum is divided into two hemispheres by a thin median structure known as the vermis. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 28, 2025

A Battery of Motor Tests in a Neonatal Mouse Model of Cerebral Palsy
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A Battery of Motor Tests in a Neonatal Mouse Model of Cerebral Palsy

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Cerebral Palsy: An Overview.

Kirsten Vitrikas1, Heather Dalton1, Dakota Breish2

  • 1David Grant USAF Medical Center, Travis Air Force Base, CA, USA.

American Family Physician
|February 14, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders affecting movement and posture due to brain injury. Early diagnosis and classification, like the Gross Motor Function Classification System, guide treatments for movement and associated conditions.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pediatrics
  • Developmental Pediatrics

Background:

  • Cerebral palsy (CP) affects 2-3/1000 live births, stemming from diverse causes of brain injury impacting motor function.
  • Movement disorders in CP include spasticity (80%), dyskinesia, ataxia, or mixed types, leading to secondary issues like hip problems and balance deficits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of cerebral palsy, encompassing its etiologies, movement disorder classifications, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies.
  • To highlight the importance of early diagnosis and classification for effective treatment and management of associated conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical diagnosis is primary; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) aids in identifying brain injury when etiology is unclear.
  • The Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) is utilized for assessing severity and treatment efficacy.

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Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy
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Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

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Related Experiment Videos

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A Battery of Motor Tests in a Neonatal Mouse Model of Cerebral Palsy
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A Battery of Motor Tests in a Neonatal Mouse Model of Cerebral Palsy

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Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy
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Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

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Main Results:

  • Spasticity is the predominant movement disorder in 80% of children with cerebral palsy.
  • Secondary complications such as hip dislocation, balance issues, hand dysfunction, and equinus deformity are common.
  • Non-motor impairments including cognitive dysfunction, seizures, and behavioral problems require lifelong management.

Conclusions:

  • Cerebral palsy management requires a multidisciplinary approach addressing both motor and non-motor impairments.
  • Accurate diagnosis and classification are crucial for tailoring interventions and improving outcomes for individuals with cerebral palsy.
  • Ongoing management into adulthood is essential for addressing persistent and emerging health challenges associated with cerebral palsy.