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Related Concept Videos

Lysosomes01:31

Lysosomes

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Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules and biological polymers that are released during membrane trafficking events such as the secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The degradation is carried out by several hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen. These acid hydrolases are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling,...
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Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
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Biological agents offer an effective means of controlling microbial growth by leveraging natural processes like predation, competition, and the secretion of antimicrobial substances.Predatory bacteria such as Bdellovibrio species target and kill pathogens like Salmonella and E. coli. They are widely used in poultry farms to control infections. Myxococcus species help combat plant-pathogenic fungi. These naturally occurring predators serve as eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides and...
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Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages01:30

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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
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Updated: Dec 28, 2025

Synthesis of Masarimycin, a Small Molecule Inhibitor of Gram-Positive Bacterial Growth
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Gram-Negative Bacterial Lysins.

Chandrabali Ghose1, Chad W Euler2,3

  • 1Bioharmony Therapeutics, New York, NY 10016, USA.

Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Bacteriophage endolysins (lysins) offer a novel solution to antibiotic resistance by rapidly killing bacteria. These enzymes are less prone to resistance, making them promising for treating multidrug-resistant infections.

Keywords:
AcinetobacterE.coliESKAPEGram-negativeKlebsiellaPseudomonasbacteriophageendolysinslysins

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biotechnology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Antibiotic resistance is a major global health threat due to widespread use and overuse of conventional antibiotics.
  • Bacteriophage endolysins (lysins) are enzymes that degrade bacterial cell walls, offering a potential alternative to antibiotics.
  • Lysins exhibit unique properties making them suitable for combating multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review newly discovered classes of Gram-negative lysins.
  • To emphasize prototypical enzymes effective against major antibiotic-resistant organisms causing nosocomial infections.
  • To highlight the potential of lysins as novel antimicrobial agents.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on bacteriophage endolysins.
  • Focus on enzymes targeting Gram-negative bacteria.
  • Evaluation of lysin efficacy against antibiotic-resistant pathogens.

Main Results:

  • Lysins are rapidly acting antimicrobials that cleave bacterial cell walls, leading to bacterial death within seconds.
  • Resistance to lysins is significantly less likely compared to conventional antibiotics due to their targeted mechanism.
  • Newly discovered lysins show efficacy against major antibiotic-resistant organisms responsible for hospital-acquired infections.

Conclusions:

  • Lysins represent a promising therapeutic strategy to address the challenge of antibiotic resistance.
  • Engineered or naturally occurring lysins can be developed into fast-acting, narrow-spectrum antimicrobials.
  • Lysins have the potential to disrupt biofilms and act synergistically with existing antibiotics.