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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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Effectiveness and safety of repeat dose subcutaneous ketamine for treatment-resistant depression, and the impact of prior ketamine treatment: open label extension of the KADS study.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 28, 2025

Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements
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Development of the Ketamine Side Effect Tool (KSET).

Brooke Short1, Vanessa Dong2, Verònica Gálvez3

  • 1School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; Gosford Hospital, Gosford, Australia.

Journal of Affective Disorders
|February 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary

A new Ketamine Side Effect Tool (KSET) was developed to systematically monitor ketamine

Keywords:
DepressionKetamineKetamine Side Effect Tool (KSET)SafetySide effects

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Clinical Research
  • Patient Safety

Background:

  • No existing systematic tool for monitoring ketamine side effects.
  • Ketamine is increasingly used for depression and other conditions.
  • Need for standardized safety and tolerability assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Develop a comprehensive Ketamine Side Effect Tool (KSET).
  • Capture acute and longer-term ketamine-related side effects.
  • Facilitate consistent monitoring and reporting.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of existing data.
  • Drafting of side effect list.
  • Face and content validation via expert Delphi consensus.
  • Development of multi-form tool for various time points.

Main Results:

  • A structured Ketamine Side Effect Tool (KSET) was successfully developed.
  • Content and face validity confirmed through Delphi process.
  • Tool includes forms for screening, baseline, immediate, and long-term follow-up.

Conclusions:

  • KSET provides a timely solution for assessing ketamine safety and tolerability.
  • Applicable to ketamine use in depression and potentially other disorders (e.g., chronic pain).
  • Recommended for research, clinical settings, and data registries.