Plasticity as a therapeutic target for improving cognition and behavior in Down syndrome

Early intervention and environmental optimization have been central to management of Down syndrome (DS) and much of current treatment is still focused in strategies that involve early education plans. This approach has provided significant improvements for Down syndrome but it is not providing a full success. The discovery of an increasing number of genes and molecular pathways linked to intellectual disability and involving a range of synaptic and plasticity-related mechanisms has open new treatment opportunities that focus on targeted treatments boosting neural plasticity. We here discuss some of these approaches, focusing on the effects of environmental enrichment and on the discovery of pharmacological therapies showing beneficial effects even in some clinical trials in adult individuals with Down syndrome. Targeting plasticity impairments in DS is thus a promising strategy to promote cellular mechanisms involved in learning and memory within key cognitive brain region and could lead to improved connectivity.