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Chromium and human low-density lipoprotein oxidation.

Domenico Lapenna1, Giuliano Ciofani1

  • 1Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze dell'Invecchiamento, and Laboratorio di Fisiopatologia dello Stress Ossidativo, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST, former CeSI-Met, Center of Excellence on Aging), Università degli Studi "G. D'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy.

Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology : Organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS)
|February 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) can induce human LDL oxidation in the presence of phosphates, while hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) oxidizes LDL at acidic pH. This chromium-induced LDL oxidation is observed in chromium plating workers.

Keywords:
Acidic pHAtherosclerosisChromiumLDL oxidationLysosomesOxidative stress

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Environmental Health
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Chromium is a catalytic metal known to cause oxidant damage.
  • The ability of chromium to induce human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation was previously unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) can induce human LDL oxidation.
  • To explore the mechanisms and implications of chromium-induced LDL oxidation.

Main Methods:

  • Spectrophotometric analysis of LDL oxidation kinetics in the presence of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) under varying pH and phosphate conditions.
  • Assessment of LDL tryptophan fluorescence quenching and inhibition by antioxidants and metal chelators.
  • Analysis of LDL lipid hydroperoxide levels and tryptophan fluorescence in chromium plating workers.

Main Results:

  • Cr(III) induced LDL oxidation at physiological pH (7.4) in the presence of phosphates, mimicking LDL oxidation kinetics.
  • Cr(VI) induced substantial LDL oxidation at acidic pH (4.5), associated with Cr(VI) binding to LDL, tryptophan fluorescence quenching, and inhibition by antioxidants.
  • Chromium plating workers exhibited heightened LDL lipid hydroperoxides and decreased tryptophan fluorescence, indicating in vivo chromium-induced LDL oxidation.

Conclusions:

  • Both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) can induce human LDL oxidation through distinct mechanisms.
  • Cr(VI)-induced LDL oxidation involves Cr(VI) reduction and binding, not direct hydroxyl radical scavenging.
  • The findings suggest significant biochemical, pathophysiological, and clinical implications of chromium exposure on cardiovascular health.