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Altered states of consciousness represent significant deviations from one's normal mental state. These deviations can range from subtle changes in awareness to profound transformations in perception, thought processes, and sensory experiences. Altered states of consciousness can be triggered by various factors, including drug use, meditation, hypnosis, illness, or even intense fatigue.
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Controlled processes in human consciousness represent high-alert mental states where individuals deliberately focus their attention on achieving specific goals. Controlled processes can be seen in situations like mastering new technology, where a person might become so absorbed that they ignore surrounding distractions. Such processes involve selective attention, requiring one to concentrate on particular elements of experience while disregarding others. These are governed by executive...
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Self-awareness is a psychological state in which the individual becomes the focal point of their attention. This inward focus transforms the self into an object of contemplation and assessment, influencing how individuals perceive their actions and their alignment with personal and societal standards.Triggers and Contexts for Self-AwarenessSelf-awareness can be activated by external stimuli that make individuals visually or audibly aware of themselves, such as mirrors, cameras, or recordings.
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The concept of subconscious awareness refers to the processing of information below the level of conscious thought, which significantly influences both behaviors and decisions. It is also known as waking subconscious awareness. This complex level of cognition operates without the direct awareness of the individual, facilitating rapid and simultaneous handling of multiple information streams.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 28, 2025

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex
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Overarching States of Mind.

Noa Herz1, Shira Baror2, Moshe Bar2

  • 1School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel.

Trends in Cognitive Sciences
|February 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Our changing states of mind (SoMs) holistically influence perception, attention, and behavior. A balance between top-down and bottom-up processing in the brain underlies these dynamic mental states.

Keywords:
bottom-upcontextcreativityexploitationexplorationmindsetmoodtop-down

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Individual cognitive and affective states are dynamic and context-dependent.
  • Existing models do not fully capture the holistic nature of these changing states of mind (SoMs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a unifying framework for understanding states of mind (SoMs).
  • To elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying dynamic cognitive and affective states.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual framework development.
  • Review of existing evidence on cognitive and affective processing.
  • Theoretical modeling of neural mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • States of mind (SoMs) are proposed as holistic, coordinated influences on perception, attention, thought, affect, and behavior.
  • A balance between top-down (TD) and bottom-up (BU) neural processing is posited as the core mechanism determining SoMs.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed TD-BU balance model offers a novel global account of SoM.
  • This framework generates new hypotheses and research directions for understanding the human mind.