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Related Concept Videos

The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
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Related Experiment Video

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Studying the Effects of Tumor-Secreted Paracrine Ligands on Macrophage Activation using Co-Culture with Permeable Membrane Supports
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ST2 Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment.

Chih-Peng Chang1,2, Meng-Hsuan Hu3, Yu-Peng Hsiao1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|February 16, 2020
PubMed
Summary

The IL-33/ST2 axis, involving ST2L and soluble ST2 (sST2), plays a key role in the tumor microenvironment. Targeting this axis offers a promising new cancer immunotherapy strategy.

Keywords:
Alternative splicingAnti-IL33 neutralizing antibodyIL-33ImmunotherapyInflammatory cytokines/chemokinesInflammatory gene transcriptionMacrophage polarizationST2ST2 neutralizing antibodyST2LTh2 lymphocytesTumor microenvironmentVesicle traffickingsST2sST2 recombinant protein

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A Mimic of the Tumor Microenvironment: A Simple Method for Generating Enriched Cell Populations and Investigating Intercellular Communication
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2), also known as IL1RL1, is an IL-33 receptor with transmembrane (ST2L) and soluble (sST2) isoforms.
  • IL-33/ST2L signaling activates immune responses within the tumor microenvironment, potentially promoting tumor progression via M2 macrophage polarization.
  • The soluble sST2 isoform acts as a decoy receptor, influencing inflammatory processes in various cancers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on IL-33/ST2L signaling in the tumor microenvironment.
  • To discuss the trafficking and function of soluble ST2 (sST2).
  • To explore pharmacological strategies targeting the IL-33/ST2 axis for cancer treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on IL-33/ST2 signaling in cancer.
  • Analysis of the role of ST2 isoforms in immune cell activation and tumor progression.
  • Examination of therapeutic approaches targeting the IL-33/ST2 pathway.

Main Results:

  • IL-33/ST2L signaling is implicated in immune responses and tumor progression.
  • Soluble ST2 (sST2) contributes to the inflammatory tumor microenvironment and cancer progression.
  • The IL-33/ST2 axis is a viable target for novel cancer immunotherapies.

Conclusions:

  • The IL-33/ST2 axis is a critical regulator within the tumor microenvironment.
  • Targeting the IL-33/ST2 pathway presents a promising avenue for cancer immunotherapy.
  • Further research into sST2 trafficking and IL-33/ST2 modulation is warranted for effective cancer treatment.