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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
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Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...
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Plasticity in olfactory bulb circuits.

An Wu1, Bin Yu2, Takaki Komiyama1

  • 1Neurobiology Section, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

Current Opinion in Neurobiology
|February 17, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The olfactory bulb dynamically processes scent information based on experience. This plasticity optimizes odor representation in changing environments, crucial for survival.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory system research
  • Sensory processing

Background:

  • Olfaction is vital for survival and well-being.
  • The olfactory bulb is the primary processing center for smell.
  • Traditional views considered the olfactory bulb a static relay, but recent evidence suggests dynamic processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent studies on experience-dependent plasticity in the rodent olfactory bulb.
  • To highlight how olfactory bulb plasticity adapts to changing sensory environments.
  • To emphasize the role of plasticity in representing behaviorally relevant odors.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on olfactory bulb plasticity.
  • Analysis of studies focusing on experience-dependent and context-dependent processing.
  • Examination of rodent models to understand neural circuit changes.

Main Results:

  • The olfactory bulb exhibits experience-dependent plasticity in its main circuit components.
  • This plasticity allows for dynamic processing of olfactory information.
  • Rodent olfactory bulbs adapt their processing based on past experiences and current context.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory bulb plasticity is essential for adapting to dynamic olfactory environments.
  • Experience-driven changes in the olfactory bulb optimize the representation of important scents.
  • The olfactory bulb is a dynamic, adaptive processing center, not merely a static relay.