Gastric Cancer: Where Are We Heading?

Area of Science:

• Oncology
• Gastroenterology
• Infectious Diseases

Background:

• Gastric cancer (GC) presents a substantial global health challenge due to its high prevalence and mortality rates.
• While incidence is decreasing, GC remains a leading cause of cancer worldwide.

Purpose of the Study:

• To summarize the current understanding of gastric cancer etiology, pathogenesis, and epidemiology.
• To highlight the challenges and future directions in managing gastric cancer.

Main Methods:

• Review of epidemiological data.
• Analysis of etiological factors including infections and environmental influences.
• Discussion of molecular classifications and their implications.

Main Results:

• Helicobacter pylori infection is responsible for 90% of GC cases; Epstein Barr Virus accounts for 10%.
• Emerging data suggest a potential increase in GC incidence among younger populations, possibly linked to autoimmunity.
• The pathogenesis involves H. pylori, other bacteria, and their metabolites, impacting carcinogenesis.

Conclusions:

• Gastric cancer exhibits significant heterogeneity, necessitating personalized treatment strategies based on molecular classification.
• Early detection and surveillance of high-risk individuals are crucial objectives.
• Despite progress, gastric cancer presents ongoing challenges in its management and understanding.