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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

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X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...
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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
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Conventional electron microscopy (EM) involves dehydration, fixation, and staining of biological samples, which distorts the native state of biological molecules and results in several artifacts. Also, the high-energy electron beam damages the sample and makes it difficult to obtain high-resolution images. These issues can be addressed using cryo-EM, which uses frozen samples and gentler electron beams. The technique was developed by Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson, for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 28, 2025

Combining X-Ray Crystallography with Small Angle X-Ray Scattering to Model Unstructured Regions of Nsa1 from S. Cerevisiae
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Combining X-Ray Crystallography with Small Angle X-Ray Scattering to Model Unstructured Regions of Nsa1 from S. Cerevisiae

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Studying viruses using solution X-ray scattering.

Daniel Khaykelson1, Uri Raviv2,3

  • 1Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel. Daniel.Khaykelson@mail.huji.ac.il.

Biophysical Reviews
|February 17, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Solution X-ray scattering offers a powerful method to study virus structures and reactions in solution. This technique provides insights into the viral life cycle, from assembly to disassembly, aiding biological and medical research.

Keywords:
HBVSAXSSV40Self-assemblyTime-resolved SAXSVirology

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Last Updated: Dec 28, 2025

Combining X-Ray Crystallography with Small Angle X-Ray Scattering to Model Unstructured Regions of Nsa1 from S. Cerevisiae
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Small and Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering Studies of Biological Macromolecules in Solution
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Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering
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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Structural Biology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Viruses, discovered in the 19th century, are crucial for understanding infectious diseases in humans and agriculture.
  • Viruses exhibit complex properties like protein envelope self-assembly, maturation, structural stability, and disassembly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the capabilities of solution X-ray scattering for studying the viral life cycle in vitro.
  • To highlight how this technique elucidates viral structures and reactions in solution.

Main Methods:

  • Solution X-ray scattering (SXS) is employed to probe particle structures and reactions in bulk solution.
  • SXS provides subnanometer spatial and millisecond temporal resolution, revealing average shape and mass.

Main Results:

  • Recent studies demonstrate SXS's effectiveness in analyzing viruses at various life cycle stages.
  • The technique allows for the study of kinetics and thermodynamics of viral processes in solution.

Conclusions:

  • Solution X-ray scattering is a versatile tool for in vitro investigation of the viral life cycle.
  • This method enhances our understanding of viral mechanisms for biological and medical applications.