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Related Experiment Videos

The lumbar spine in backward bending.

M A Adams1, P Dolan, W C Hutton

  • 1Department of Anatomy and Orthopaedics, University of Bristol, Great Britain.

Spine
|September 1, 1988
PubMed
Summary

Lumbar spine extension is primarily resisted by the intervertebral disc and spinous processes. Hyperextension can damage these structures, particularly the spinous processes, or apophyseal joints if widely spaced.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Spinal Anatomy
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Understanding the biomechanical forces and failure modes of the lumbar spine during extension is crucial for injury prevention and treatment.
  • Cadaveric studies provide valuable insights into the structural integrity and load-bearing capacities of spinal components.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the resistance mechanisms of lumbar motion segments during extension.
  • To identify the primary structures damaged during hyperextension.
  • To assess the influence of spinous process spacing and neural arch protection on disc integrity.

Main Methods:

  • Cadaveric lumbar motion segments were subjected to simulated extension loading.
  • Resistance was measured before and after transecting spinous processes and apophyseal joints.
  • Compression tests were performed on intervertebral discs in full extension.

Main Results:

  • The intervertebral disc and spinous processes are the main resistors of lumbar extension.
  • In hyperextension, damage typically initiates in the spinous processes or associated soft tissues.
  • Widely spaced spinous processes can lead to initial damage in the apophyseal joints.
  • Neural arch protection of the disc is enhanced in younger individuals and after creep loading.
  • High compressive forces during hyperextension can damage the disc, with sudden force causing anterior prolapse and cyclic force increasing posterior annular bulging.

Conclusions:

  • The intervertebral disc and spinous processes play critical roles in resisting lumbar extension.
  • Understanding failure patterns in hyperextension is key to preventing spinal injuries.
  • Factors like age, disc height, and loading type significantly influence spinal injury mechanisms.

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