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Related Concept Videos

Operant Conditioning Intervention01:24

Operant Conditioning Intervention

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Operant conditioning serves as a foundational principle in therapeutic interventions aimed at modifying maladaptive behaviors. Central to this approach is the notion that behaviors, both adaptive and maladaptive, are learned through reinforcement. By analyzing the environmental factors that reinforce problematic behaviors, clinicians can design interventions to weaken these reinforcements and replace maladaptive behaviors with healthier alternatives.
In operant conditioning, behaviors that are...
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Classical Conditioning in Daily Life01:17

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Classical conditioning, a fundamental principle of associative learning, explains various phenomena observed in daily life, such as fear development, the placebo effect, taste aversion, and drug habituation. These applications demonstrate the profound impact of associative learning on human behavior and physiological responses.
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Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning01:15

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Classical conditioning not only includes the initial pairing of stimuli but also extends to more complex forms, such as higher-order conditioning. Higher-order conditioning involves creating associations beyond the primary conditioned stimulus, resulting in a chain of conditioned responses.
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Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness01:14

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Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
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Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

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Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
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Operant Conditioning01:21

Operant Conditioning

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Operant conditioning, a key concept in behavioral psychology, involves using reinforcement and punishment to alter the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. B.F. introduced this type of conditioning. Skinner focused on voluntary behaviors and the consequences that follow them, influencing whether these behaviors will be strengthened or diminished.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 28, 2025

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear
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Reduction of conditioned avoidance via contingency reversal.

Angelos-Miltiadis Krypotos1, Johanna M P Baas2, Iris M Engelhard1

  • 1Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Cognition & Emotion
|February 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Contingency reversal, a novel protocol, proved more effective than Extinction with Response Prevention (ExRP) in reducing avoidance behaviors. This method pairs avoidance responses with aversive events, offering a promising avenue for developing more persistent avoidance reduction strategies.

Keywords:
Pavlovian learningReinforcement learningexposureinstrumental learningresponse-preventiontherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Behavioral Science
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Excessive avoidance behaviors are a significant concern, often diminishing quality of life.
  • Current avoidance reduction protocols, like Extinction with Response Prevention (ExRP), show limited long-term efficacy.
  • Novel therapeutic strategies are needed to enhance the persistence of avoidance reduction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether pairing an avoidance response with an aversive event (Contingency Reversal) reduces avoidance more effectively than ExRP.
  • To compare the efficacy of Contingency Reversal (ConR) and ExRP in diminishing learned avoidance behaviors.

Main Methods:

  • Participants (N=58) underwent fear conditioning, associating a stimulus (A) with shock, and learned an avoidance response.
  • The ExRP group received unreinforced stimulus presentations without avoidance opportunities.
  • The ConR group received shocks for performing the avoidance response during stimulus A presentation.

Main Results:

  • Following successful fear and avoidance acquisition, the ConR group demonstrated significantly less avoidance of stimulus A compared to the ExRP group during the test phase.
  • The study provides empirical evidence for the superior efficacy of contingency reversal in reducing learned avoidance.

Conclusions:

  • Contingency reversal emerges as a potentially more effective method for reducing avoidance behaviors than traditional ExRP protocols.
  • This research suggests that modifying the contingency between the avoidance response and aversive outcomes is crucial for long-lasting behavioral change.
  • Contingency reversal protocols may offer a promising therapeutic approach for anxiety disorders characterized by avoidance.